1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)) - Inde

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Catchment treatment of degraded forest land including social fencing, infiltration trenches and enrichment planting with trees and grasses for production and dam protection.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Forest catchment treatment aims to achieve production and environmental benefits through a combination of structural, vegetative and management measures in badly degraded catchments above villages. These efforts are concentrated in the highly erodible Shiwalik Hills at the foot of the Himalayan range where soil erosion has ravaged the landscape, and the original forest has almost disappeared.
The purpose of forest catchment treatment is first to rehabilitate the forest through protection of the area by ‘social fencing’ (villagers agreeing amongst themselves to exclude livestock without using physical barriers), then construction of soil conservation measures (staggered contour trenches, check dams, graded stabilisation channels etc; see establishment activities), and ‘enrichment planting’ of trees and grasses within the existing forest stand to improve composition and cover. These species usually include trees such as Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo, and fodder grasses - as well as bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata), which is used for rope making. The combined measures are aimed at reestablishing the forest canopy, understorey and floor, thereby restoring the forest ecosystem together with its functions and services. Biodiversity is simultaneously enhanced.
The second main objective is to provide supplementary irrigation water to the village below through construction of one, or more, earth dams. The village community - organised into a Hill Resource Management Society - is the source of highly subsidised labour for forest catchment treatment. After catchment protection around the proposed dam site(s), the dam(s) and pipeline(s) are constructed. The dams are generally between 20,000 and 200,000 m3 in capacity, and the pipelines usually one kilometre or less in length.
Apart from irrigation, the villagers benefit from communal use of non-timber forest resources. Forest catchment treatment (associated with the approach termed ‘joint forest management’ - JFM) has been developed from a pilot initiative in Sukhomajri village in 1976, and has spread very widely throughout India. This description focuses on Ambala and Yamunanagar Districts in Haryana State.

The Shiwalik hills where the SWC technology was applied is one of the eight most degraded, rainfed agro-ecosystems of India. It is highly erodible, with presence of low water retentive soils and severe soil erosion, haing water scarcity despite average 1000 mm annual rainfall.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

• Sylvo-pastoralisme

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The Shiwalik Hills are extremely prone to both surface erosion and landslides, and general degradation of vegetation due to over-exploitation. Some areas have become completely denuded because of overgrazing and woodcutting. Furthermore there is no, or inadequate, water for irrigation of crops.

Grazingland comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Tree species like Khaci (Acacia catechu), Dalbergio sissoo in pits and slips of bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata) on mounds of trenches and hill slopes were planted. Bhabbar grass was sold out by forest department to contractors.

Type of grazing system comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Oct

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• fermeture de zones (arrêt de tout usage, appui à la réhabilitation)
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
• mesures en travers de la pente

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, management measures

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), education, access to knowledge and support services (Absence of institutional arrangements to disseminate the knowledge from lab to land and involve the users in implementation)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Subsistence economy, dependance on forests for fuelwood and fodder, livestock were low quality, free grazing type. And these were no regulatory mechanisms to share usufruct from forests with people.), poverty / wealth (Lack of capital at the grassroot to take the initiative by the farmers themselves)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Enrichment planting of tree seedlings (Acacia catechu, Dalbergiasissoo etc), grasses (bhabbar grass: Eulaliopsis binata) on bundsof earth and hill slopes, and Ipomea cornea in channels.	beginning of the monsoon rains.
2.	Construction of a series of staggered contour trenches on slopes.	pre-monsoon
3.	Construction of stone/earth/wood check dams in gullies.	pre-monsoon
4.	Construction of graded stabilisation channels which capture runoffand discharge it safely.	pre-monsoon
5.	Construction of earth dam wall for water harvesting and concretepipelines for irrigation.	pre-monsoon
6.	Introduction of social fencing system through Hill ResourceManagement Societies.	pre-monsoon

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0	5,0
Equipements	Machine use	ha	1,0	75,0	75,0
Matériel végétal	Seedlings	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0
Matériaux de construction	Construction material for dam wall	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					400,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					400,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	watch and ward	/on-going
2.	Desilting of water harvesting structures.	pre-monsoon,/once every year
3.	Repair of channels.	pre-monsoon,/once every year
4.	Maintenance of structures.	pre-monsoon,/
5.	regular meetings/facilitations
6.	control grazing fines, peer-group pressure

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Labour	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	95,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					50,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					50,0

Commentaires:

This information is indicative and is based on calculations derived from Thaska village (Yamunanagar District)
where there are 3 dams - collecting the runoff from the total forest catchment of 75 ha. The cost range of treatments per
hectare of rehabilitated forest is generally US$ 200–700 (where the main cost is that of the dam construction) and typically the area of supplementary irrigation (command area) is twice as large as the forest catchment treated (in this case the irrigated area is 150 ha).
Cost per unit: the treatment of a 25 ha unit of catchment including construction of a dam costs around US$ 10,000.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, Higher hills are located in the northern and eastern part of the tract, while low hills in the southern and western parts of the tract. These hills are characterized by relatively high intensity of er), ridges (ranked 2) and footslopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Moderate (ranked 1, the slopes vary considerably from moderate to precipitous), hilly (ranked 2) and steep (ranked 3)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Also shallow (ranked 2) and deep (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Coarse (ranked 1, in most of the areas soils are sandy. However sandy loam, loamy sand and sill loam soils are also met with), medium (ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility: Medium (soils are deficient in humus contents. However soils are fairly fertile and suitable for raising forest crops in the entire area)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (water holding capacity of soils is good)

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Off-farm income specification: significant off-farm activity/income includes rope making from bhabbar grass. Sale of fodder grass from the forest provides
additional income.
Market orientation forest land: Mixed (forest dept. used to give annual contracts for bhabbar grasses)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 51-90%

Commentaires:

40% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

60% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The spread of such forest treatment within Haryana (and outside) is happening steadily.
Farmers have levelled theor fields to await water for irrigation from dams. The villagers have also contributed by money/labour in lying pipelines for water distribution.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Increased availabilzy of fodder and fuel. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improvement in livestock mix and breed owned by villlagers.
Increased crop yields, milk production and horticultural products How can they be sustained / enhanced? Suitable crop mix to derive maximum benefits from water from dams

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Increased surface and groundwater help to fill the dam rather than running off and causing flooding and erosion lower down (but not always: see first off-site disadvantage) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ensure continuous protection/ regular maintenance.
Increased fodder and fuel from the renewed forest resources How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Reduction of runoff and erosion in the previously degraded catchment How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Improved forest conditions – both canopy and understorey delivering general ecosystem benefits How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Increased crop yield from irrigation made possible through irrigation from the dam Increased household income Increased community institution strength How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Initial investment to change the cattle mix.	Arrangement of credit facility.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
In some cases reduction in runoff (because of increased vegetation) causes less water for irrigation	Manipulate vegetative cover as required (selective cutting).
Conflicts in water distribution	Conflict resolution may need to be carried out through Hill Resource Management Societies.
High labour input.
Regular maintenance and desilting of earthen dams.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Singh TP and Varalakshmi V: The Decade and Beyond: Evolving community-state partnership. TERI, New Delhi. 1998.

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

Poffenberger M and McGean B (eds): Village Voices, Forest Choices. Joint Forest Management in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi. 1996.