1.2 ព័ត៌មានលម្អិតពីបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ និងស្ថាប័នដែលចូលរួមក្នុងការវាយតម្លៃ និងចងក្រងឯកសារនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ឈ្មោះគម្រោងដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)) - ប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា

1.3 លក្ខខណ្ឌទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈ វ៉ូខេត

អ្នកចងក្រង និង(បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ)យល់ព្រមទទួលយកនូវលក្ខខណ្ឌនានាទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈវ៉ូខេត:

បាទ/ចា៎

1.5 ការយោងទៅលើកម្រងបញ្ជីសំណួរ (មួយ ឬច្រើន) នៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ SLM (ដែលបានចងក្រងដោយទស្សនៈពិភពលោកស្តីពីវិធីសាស្ត្រ និងបច្ចេកទេសងអភិរក្ស WOCAT)

2.1 ការពណ៌នាដោយសង្ខេបពីបច្ចេកទេស

និយមន័យបច្ចេកទេស:

Catchment treatment of degraded forest land including social fencing, infiltration trenches and enrichment planting with trees and grasses for production and dam protection.

2.2 ការពណ៌នាលម្អិតពីបច្ចេកទេស

ការពណ៌នា:

Forest catchment treatment aims to achieve production and environmental benefits through a combination of structural, vegetative and management measures in badly degraded catchments above villages. These efforts are concentrated in the highly erodible Shiwalik Hills at the foot of the Himalayan range where soil erosion has ravaged the landscape, and the original forest has almost disappeared.
The purpose of forest catchment treatment is first to rehabilitate the forest through protection of the area by ‘social fencing’ (villagers agreeing amongst themselves to exclude livestock without using physical barriers), then construction of soil conservation measures (staggered contour trenches, check dams, graded stabilisation channels etc; see establishment activities), and ‘enrichment planting’ of trees and grasses within the existing forest stand to improve composition and cover. These species usually include trees such as Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo, and fodder grasses - as well as bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata), which is used for rope making. The combined measures are aimed at reestablishing the forest canopy, understorey and floor, thereby restoring the forest ecosystem together with its functions and services. Biodiversity is simultaneously enhanced.
The second main objective is to provide supplementary irrigation water to the village below through construction of one, or more, earth dams. The village community - organised into a Hill Resource Management Society - is the source of highly subsidised labour for forest catchment treatment. After catchment protection around the proposed dam site(s), the dam(s) and pipeline(s) are constructed. The dams are generally between 20,000 and 200,000 m3 in capacity, and the pipelines usually one kilometre or less in length.
Apart from irrigation, the villagers benefit from communal use of non-timber forest resources. Forest catchment treatment (associated with the approach termed ‘joint forest management’ - JFM) has been developed from a pilot initiative in Sukhomajri village in 1976, and has spread very widely throughout India. This description focuses on Ambala and Yamunanagar Districts in Haryana State.

The Shiwalik hills where the SWC technology was applied is one of the eight most degraded, rainfed agro-ecosystems of India. It is highly erodible, with presence of low water retentive soils and severe soil erosion, haing water scarcity despite average 1000 mm annual rainfall.

2.3 ​រូបភាពនៃបច្ចេកទេស

2.5 ប្រទេស/តំបន់/ទីតាំងកន្លែង ដែលបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានអនុវត្ត និងបានគ្រប់ដណ្តប់ដោយការវាយតម្លៃនេះ

3.1 គោលបំណងចម្បង (១​ ឬច្រើន)​ នៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

• ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវផលិតកម្ម
• កាត់បន្ថយ, បង្ការ, ស្តារឡើងវិញនូវការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

3.2 ប្រភេទដីប្រើប្រាស់មួយប្រភេទ (ច្រើនប្រភេទ) ដែលបានអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

ដីប្រើប្រាស់ចម្រុះនៅលើដីតែមួយ:

បាទ/ចា៎

បញ្ជាក់ពីប្រភេទដីច្រើនប្រភេទ (ដីដាំដំណាំ/ដីចិញ្ចឹមសត្វ/ដីព្រៃឈើ):

• ដីព្រៃឈើ និងដីចិញ្ចឹមសត្វ

មតិយោបល់:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The Shiwalik Hills are extremely prone to both surface erosion and landslides, and general degradation of vegetation due to over-exploitation. Some areas have become completely denuded because of overgrazing and woodcutting. Furthermore there is no, or inadequate, water for irrigation of crops.

Grazingland comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Tree species like Khaci (Acacia catechu), Dalbergio sissoo in pits and slips of bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata) on mounds of trenches and hill slopes were planted. Bhabbar grass was sold out by forest department to contractors.

Type of grazing system comments: Due to free grazing, much of the forest land was becoming barren and fodder yield declined over a period of time. The average fodder yield was about two quintals/ha of forest land and fodder consumption was 26.69kg/animal/day.

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Oct

3.5 ក្រុម SLM ដែលបច្ចេកទេសស្ថិតនៅក្នុង

• តំបន់ទ្រនាប់ (បិទការប្រើប្រាស់ គាំទ្រដល់ការស្តារឡើងវិញ)
• ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងគម្របដី/ ដំណាំគម្របដី
• វិធានការអនុវត្តកាត់ទទឹងទីជម្រាល

3.6 វិធានការ SLM ដែលបញ្ចូលនូវបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, management measures

3.7 កំណត់ប្រភេទនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដីសំខាន់ៗដែលបច្ចេកទេសនេះបានដោះស្រាយ

មតិយោបល់:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), education, access to knowledge and support services (Absence of institutional arrangements to disseminate the knowledge from lab to land and involve the users in implementation)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Subsistence economy, dependance on forests for fuelwood and fodder, livestock were low quality, free grazing type. And these were no regulatory mechanisms to share usufruct from forests with people.), poverty / wealth (Lack of capital at the grassroot to take the initiative by the farmers themselves)

3.8 ការពារ កាត់បន្ថយ ឬស្តារឡើងវិញនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

បញ្ជាក់ពីគោលដៅរបស់បច្ចេកទេស ដែលផ្តោតទៅការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី:

• ការកាត់បន្ថយការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

4.1 គំនូសបច្ចេកទេសនៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

4.3 សកម្មភាពបង្កើត

	សកម្មភាព	រយៈពេល​ (រដូវកាល)
1.	Enrichment planting of tree seedlings (Acacia catechu, Dalbergiasissoo etc), grasses (bhabbar grass: Eulaliopsis binata) on bundsof earth and hill slopes, and Ipomea cornea in channels.	beginning of the monsoon rains.
2.	Construction of a series of staggered contour trenches on slopes.	pre-monsoon
3.	Construction of stone/earth/wood check dams in gullies.	pre-monsoon
4.	Construction of graded stabilisation channels which capture runoffand discharge it safely.	pre-monsoon
5.	Construction of earth dam wall for water harvesting and concretepipelines for irrigation.	pre-monsoon
6.	Introduction of social fencing system through Hill ResourceManagement Societies.	pre-monsoon

4.4 ថ្លៃដើម និងធាតុចូលដែលត្រូវការសម្រាប់ការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស

	បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល	ឯកតា	បរិមាណ	ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា	ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប	% នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Labour	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0	5,0
សម្ភារៈ	Machine use	ha	1,0	75,0	75,0
សម្ភារៈដាំដុះ	Seedlings	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Construction material for dam wall	ha	1,0	25,0	25,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបក្នុងការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស					400,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបក្នុងការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេសគិតជាដុល្លារ					400,0

មតិយោបល់:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.5 សកម្មភាពថែទាំ

	សកម្មភាព	ពេលវេលា/ ភាពញឹកញាប់
1.	watch and ward	/on-going
2.	Desilting of water harvesting structures.	pre-monsoon,/once every year
3.	Repair of channels.	pre-monsoon,/once every year
4.	Maintenance of structures.	pre-monsoon,/
5.	regular meetings/facilitations
6.	control grazing fines, peer-group pressure

4.6 កំណត់ថ្លៃដើមសម្រាប់ការថែទាំ/ សកម្មភាពរបស់បច្ចេកទេស (ក្នុងរយៈពេលមួយឆ្នាំ)

	បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល	ឯកតា	បរិមាណ	ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា	ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប	% នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Labour	ha	1,0	50,0	50,0	95,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបសម្រាប់ការថែទាំដំណាំតាមបច្ចេកទេស					50,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបសម្រាប់ការថែទាំដំណាំតាមបច្ចេកទេសគិតជាដុល្លារ					50,0

មតិយោបល់:

This information is indicative and is based on calculations derived from Thaska village (Yamunanagar District)
where there are 3 dams - collecting the runoff from the total forest catchment of 75 ha. The cost range of treatments per
hectare of rehabilitated forest is generally US$ 200–700 (where the main cost is that of the dam construction) and typically the area of supplementary irrigation (command area) is twice as large as the forest catchment treated (in this case the irrigated area is 150 ha).
Cost per unit: the treatment of a 25 ha unit of catchment including construction of a dam costs around US$ 10,000.

5.1 អាកាសធាតុ

5.2 សណ្ឋានដី

មតិយោបល់ និងបញ្ចាក់បន្ថែមអំពីសណ្ឋានដី :

Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, Higher hills are located in the northern and eastern part of the tract, while low hills in the southern and western parts of the tract. These hills are characterized by relatively high intensity of er), ridges (ranked 2) and footslopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Moderate (ranked 1, the slopes vary considerably from moderate to precipitous), hilly (ranked 2) and steep (ranked 3)

5.3 ដី

បើអាចសូមភ្ជាប់ការពណ៌នាពីដីឱ្យបានច្បាស់ ឬព័ត៌មានដែលអាចទទួលបាន ឧ. ប្រភេទដី, pH ដី/ ជាតិអាស៊ីត, សមត្ថភាពផ្លាស់ប្តូរកាចុង, វត្តមាននីត្រូសែន, ភាពប្រៃ ។ល។:

Soil depth on average: Also shallow (ranked 2) and deep (ranked 3)
Soil texture: Coarse (ranked 1, in most of the areas soils are sandy. However sandy loam, loamy sand and sill loam soils are also met with), medium (ranked 2) and fine/heavy (ranked 3)
Soil fertility: Medium (soils are deficient in humus contents. However soils are fairly fertile and suitable for raising forest crops in the entire area)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (water holding capacity of soils is good)

5.6 លក្ខណៈនៃអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីលក្ខណៈពាក់ព័ន្ធផ្សេងទៀតអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

Off-farm income specification: significant off-farm activity/income includes rope making from bhabbar grass. Sale of fodder grass from the forest provides
additional income.
Market orientation forest land: Mixed (forest dept. used to give annual contracts for bhabbar grasses)

5.7 ទំហំផ្ទៃដីជាមធ្យមនៃដីប្រើប្រាស់ដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី ក្នុងការអនុវត្ត​បច្ចេកទេស

5.8 ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ដី និងកម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក

ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី:

• រដ្ឋ

កម្មសិទ្ធិប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

• ជាក្រុម (មានដែនកំណត់)

6.1 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្នុងបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

ផលប៉ះពាល់លើសេដ្ឋកិច្ចសង្គម

ផលិតផល

ចំណូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើវប្បធម៌សង្គម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ី

ដី

ជីវចម្រុះ៖ ដំណាំ, សត្វ

6.2 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្រៅបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

6.4 ការវិភាគថ្លៃដើម និងអត្ថប្រយោជន៍

តើផលចំណេញ និងថ្លៃដើមត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

តើផលចំណេញ និងការថែទាំ/ ជួសជុលត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

6.5 ការទទួលយកបច្ចេកទេស

ក្នុងចំណោមគ្រួសារទាំងអស់ដែលបានអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស តើមានប៉ុន្មាន​គ្រួសារ​ដែល​ចង់​ធ្វើ​ដោយ​ខ្លួន​ឯង ដោយមិន​ទទួល​បាន​សម្ភារៈ​លើក​​ទឹកចិត្ត/​ប្រាក់ឧបត្ថម្ភ?​:

• 51-90%

មតិយោបល់:

40% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

60% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The spread of such forest treatment within Haryana (and outside) is happening steadily.
Farmers have levelled theor fields to await water for irrigation from dams. The villagers have also contributed by money/labour in lying pipelines for water distribution.

6.7 ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៅកន្លែងរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
Increased availabilzy of fodder and fuel. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improvement in livestock mix and breed owned by villlagers.
Increased crop yields, milk production and horticultural products How can they be sustained / enhanced? Suitable crop mix to derive maximum benefits from water from dams

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស​ ទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
Increased surface and groundwater help to fill the dam rather than running off and causing flooding and erosion lower down (but not always: see first off-site disadvantage) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ensure continuous protection/ regular maintenance.
Increased fodder and fuel from the renewed forest resources How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Reduction of runoff and erosion in the previously degraded catchment How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Improved forest conditions – both canopy and understorey delivering general ecosystem benefits How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.
Increased crop yield from irrigation made possible through irrigation from the dam Increased household income Increased community institution strength How can they be sustained / enhanced? Ditto.

6.8 ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យនៃបច្ចេកទេស និងវិធីសាស្ត្រដោះស្រាយ

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
Initial investment to change the cattle mix.	Arrangement of credit facility.

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកចងក្រងឬបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
In some cases reduction in runoff (because of increased vegetation) causes less water for irrigation	Manipulate vegetative cover as required (selective cutting).
Conflicts in water distribution	Conflict resolution may need to be carried out through Hill Resource Management Societies.
High labour input.
Regular maintenance and desilting of earthen dams.

7.1 វិធីសាស្ត្រ/ ប្រភពនៃព័ត៌មាន

7.2 ឯកសារយោងដែលបានចេញផ្សាយ

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Singh TP and Varalakshmi V: The Decade and Beyond: Evolving community-state partnership. TERI, New Delhi. 1998.

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Poffenberger M and McGean B (eds): Village Voices, Forest Choices. Joint Forest Management in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi. 1996.