1.2 ព័ត៌មានលម្អិតពីបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ និងស្ថាប័នដែលចូលរួមក្នុងការវាយតម្លៃ និងចងក្រងឯកសារនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 លក្ខខណ្ឌទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈ វ៉ូខេត

អ្នកចងក្រង និង(បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ)យល់ព្រមទទួលយកនូវលក្ខខណ្ឌនានាទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈវ៉ូខេត:

បាទ/ចា៎

1.4 សេចក្តីប្រកាសស្តីពីចីរភាពនៃការពណ៌នាពីបច្ចេកទេស

តើបច្ចេកទេសដែលបានពណ៌នានេះមានបញ្ហាដែលផ្តោតលើការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី, បើដូច្នេះវាមិនអាចត្រូវបានប្រកាសថាជាបច្ចេកទេសនៃការគ្រប់គ្រងប្រកបដោយចីរភាពទេ?

ទេ

2.1 ការពណ៌នាដោយសង្ខេបពីបច្ចេកទេស

និយមន័យបច្ចេកទេស:

A sustainable option for bread baking and reducing shrub consumption

2.2 ការពណ៌នាលម្អិតពីបច្ចេកទេស

ការពណ៌នា:

Thirty six community bakeries were constructed in Kahmard from 2009-2012 for reducing shrub consumption. Rural communities normally bake bread at home using tandoors made from clay and fired by shrubs, wood and coal. Bread baking is a demanding task. Men and boys climb mountains to collect shrubs, putting themselves at risk, and women spend 1-2 hours/day for preparing dough, firing the oven and baking bread. Shrub cutting causes upland degradation leading to flash floods in the valleys.

In Saighan, district adjoining Kahmard, a survey showed that one household uses 81 donkey load shrubs annually, and minimum 50 donkey loads are used for baking bread. Kahmard has a similar situation. To address this, HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation is supporting an integrated watershed management in Kahmard since 2008 with support from the Swiss Re and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The approach comprises other technological and organisational measures where structural and vegetative are applied, combined with grazing and shrub cutting control. To complement re-greening efforts, energy efficient community bakeries were promoted.
Households using community bakeries reported a decrease in shrub consumption by 50-80%, which contributes to greener watersheds. The other benefits include more time for women, boys and girls for other preferred activities, like attending school, literacy classes, vocational trainings, embroidery, etc. Families also save money (minimum US$ 10/month) as they have to purchase less shrubs for baking purpose. In Kahmard, one donkey load shrub costs about US$ 6. Bakers, assistant bakers, masons and workers are employed and bakeries serve as a place for social networking. By contributing to greener watersheds, the bakeries help to reduce flash flood risks. In recent months, running the bakeries has become a challenge as the coal mines in Kahmard have been contracted to a Chinese firm. As a consequence, people are not getting coal easily. Due to coal shortages, several bakeries have stopped functioning. People are looking towards the government authorities to solve this issue as soon as possible. Many households have gone back to shrub cutting and a community assets with proven benefits for the people but environment remains underutilized.

The participating community development councils or CDCs allocate land for bakery. One bakery costs about US$ 4640, with 25% community contribution during construction. It takes about 5 weeks for constructing one bakery if there are no obstacles. About US$ 7300/year is spent on operation and maintenance by the people. One baker and 1-2 assistants are employed for daily bakery operations. The dash or oven is prepared from a mixture of clay and sheep hair and fired by coal. About 1-3 bags are required per day. If mosaic tiles are used, about 1 bag per day is used for heating. The factors influencing the success of community bakeries include access to coal, good quality and low price of coal, on time payment and proper management of bakery funds. The clients bring dough from home and pay about US$ 0.042 (2 Afghani) per bread to the baker or about US$ 6.6/month.

Community bakeries were constructed in the Kahmard district in the valley bottoms where the people reside. The land for community bakeries normally belongs to the community, but where suitable common land is not available, individuals have also donated their private lands for the common cause.
Community bakeries are located at an altitude of about 1700-1800 m above mean sea level. The district receives up to 400 mm rainfall in a good year. In the valley bottom, there are crop growing seasons, the main is from March to July. The land users rely mainly on agriculture for their livelihoods as employment opportunities in the district are very few. Kahmard district has a population density of about 30 person/sq. km. About 50% of the rural population in Kahmard falls under poor category, 40% are medium rich and 10% rich.

2.3 ​រូបភាពនៃបច្ចេកទេស

2.5 ប្រទេស/តំបន់/ទីតាំងកន្លែង ដែលបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានអនុវត្ត និងបានគ្រប់ដណ្តប់ដោយការវាយតម្លៃនេះ

2.6 កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការអនុវត្ត

ប្រសិនបើមិនច្បាស់ឆ្នាំ សូមបញ្ជាក់កាលបរិច្ឆេទដែលប្រហាក់ប្រហែល:

• តិចជាង 10ឆ្នាំមុន (ថ្មី)

2.7 ការណែនាំពីបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានណែនាំឱ្យអនុវត្តដោយរបៀបណា:

• តាមរយៈគម្រោង / អន្តរាគមន៍ពីខាងក្រៅ

មតិយោបល់ (ប្រភេទនៃគម្រោង ។ល។):

The first community bakery in Kahmard district was constructed in 2009 with HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation support. Since then, 25 bakeries have been constructed as a complementary watershed management technology.

3.2 ប្រភេទដីប្រើប្រាស់មួយប្រភេទ (ច្រើនប្រភេទ) ដែលបានអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Severe flash floods due to degradation of upland watersheds as a result of overgrazing, shrub uprooting, ploughing and recurring droughts. There is a lack of organizational capacities for sustainable management of land and water resources.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Severe flash floods due to watershed degradation resulting in destruction of property and life. Lack of knowledge about disaster risk mitigation. Lack of alternatives to fuel wood, especially for bread baking and house warming.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Other: Os: Settlements, infrastructure networks

Constraints of settlement / urban: Some areas are not fully utilized. Some are vulnerable to flash floods.

Number of growing seasons per year: 2

Longest growing period in days: 150, Longest growing period from month to month: March to July, Second longest growing period in days: 90, Second longest growing period from month to month: August to October

3.3 បន្ទាប់ពីអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស តើដីប្រើប្រាស់មានការប្រែប្រួលដែររឺទេ?

3.5 ក្រុម SLM ដែលបច្ចេកទេសស្ថិតនៅក្នុង

• កសិរុក្ខកម្ម (pastoralism) និងការគ្រប់គ្រងដីសម្រាប់ចិញ្ចឹមសត្វ
• ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងគម្របដី/ ដំណាំគម្របដី

3.6 វិធានការ SLM ដែលបញ្ចូលនូវបច្ចេកទេស

3.7 កំណត់ប្រភេទនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដីសំខាន់ៗដែលបច្ចេកទេសនេះបានដោះស្រាយ

មតិយោបល់:

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (extraction of shrubs for fuelwood), overgrazing (Overgrazing by sheep and goats), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (Due to biological degradation), droughts (Recurring droughts slow down vegetation recovery), land tenure (If it was private land, degradation extent would have been much less), governance / institutional (There is no legal and institutional set up for community based natural resource management)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Removal of Juniper trees during war period), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Some grazed areas are very steep), population pressure (Due to increasing population, there is increasing pressure on natural resources), poverty / wealth (People depend on livestock. There is lack of off-farm employment opportunities), war and conflicts (During war, traditional NRM systems also collapsed)

3.8 ការពារ កាត់បន្ថយ ឬស្តារឡើងវិញនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

បញ្ជាក់ពីគោលដៅរបស់បច្ចេកទេស ដែលផ្តោតទៅការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី:

• ការកាត់បន្ថយការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី
• ការជួសជុល/ ស្តារឡើងវិញនៃឱនភាពដីធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ

4.1 គំនូសបច្ចេកទេសនៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

4.2 ព័ត៌មានទូទៅដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងការគណនាធាតុចូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផ្សេងៗ/ រូបិយប័ណ្ណជាតិ (បញ្ជាក់):

Afghani

បើពាក់ព័ន្ធសូមកំណត់អត្រាប្តូរប្រាក់ពីដុល្លាទៅរូបិយប័ណ្ណតំបន់ (ឧ.​​ 1 ដុល្លារ​ = 79.9 រៀលនៃរូបិយប័ណ្ណប្រេស៊ីល) ៖ 1 ដុល្លារ =:

50,0

4.3 សកម្មភាពបង្កើត

	សកម្មភាព	រយៈពេល​ (រដូវកាល)
1.	Construction of community bakery as per technical design and based on feasibility study	Five months

4.4 ថ្លៃដើម និងធាតុចូលដែលត្រូវការសម្រាប់ការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស

	បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល	ឯកតា	បរិមាណ	ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា	ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប	% នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម			1,0	1223,0	1223,0	10,0
សម្ភារៈ	Tools		1,0	60,0	60,0	100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Sand, soil, cement, gypsum, br		1,0	3356,0	3356,0	30,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបក្នុងការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស					4639,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបក្នុងការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេសគិតជាដុល្លារ					92,78

មតិយោបល់:

Duration of establishment phase: 1.5 month(s)

4.5 សកម្មភាពថែទាំ

	សកម្មភាព	ពេលវេលា/ ភាពញឹកញាប់
1.	Bakery operation (Baker and Assistant Baker salaries)	Year round
2.	Roof plastering with clay and straw	Once before winter
3.	Baking bread	Year round
4.	Dash firing and heating	year round
5.	Fire ignition	Year round

4.6 កំណត់ថ្លៃដើមសម្រាប់ការថែទាំ/ សកម្មភាពរបស់បច្ចេកទេស (ក្នុងរយៈពេលមួយឆ្នាំ)

	បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល	ឯកតា	បរិមាណ	ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា	ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប	% នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម			1,0	3600,0	3600,0	100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Roof plastering mud and straw		1,0	38,5	38,5	100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Coal		1,0	3650,0	3650,0	100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Tyre		1,0	300,0	300,0	100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Dash shovel		1,0	10,0	10,0	100,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបសម្រាប់ការថែទាំដំណាំតាមបច្ចេកទេស					7598,5
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបសម្រាប់ការថែទាំដំណាំតាមបច្ចេកទេសគិតជាដុល្លារ					151,97

មតិយោបល់:

Machinery/ tools: Sand, Soil, cement, gypsum, bricks, stones, gravel, straw, plastic, clay, hair, wooden door, timber for beams, glass, paint, gutter pipes. Ventilation pipes

The costs in 2.6.1. relate to the construction, operation and maintenance of one community bakery. The estimates are based on the Bills of Quantity prepared in 2009.

4.7 កត្តាសំខាន់បំផុតដែលមានឥទ្ធិពលដល់ការចំណាយ

ពណ៌នាពីកត្តាប៉ះពាល់ចម្បងៗទៅលើថ្លៃដើម:

Most of the expenses for construction work is on equipment and materials like shovels, pick axe, wheel barrow, wooden doors, timber beams, window, concrete bricks, and sun dried bricks. In terms of recurrent costs, most spending is on coal and on the salaries of the baker and assistant bakers.

5.1 អាកាសធាតុ

5.2 សណ្ឋានដី

5.3 ដី

5.4 ទឹកដែលអាចទាញមកប្រើប្រាស់បាន និងគុណភាពទឹក

មតិយោបល់ និងលក្ខណៈពិសេសផ្សេងៗទៀតលើគុណភាព និងបរិមាណទឹក​ :

When the water is fetched from wells or natural springs the water is good drinking water, otherwise it is poor drinking water (surface water, must be treated before consumption)

5.5 ជីវៈចម្រុះ

5.6 លក្ខណៈនៃអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីលក្ខណៈពាក់ព័ន្ធផ្សេងទៀតអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Men are mostly involved in the construction and operation of the bakeries. However, in some areas women and girls bring pasta to the bakery for bread baking. Women's support for community bakeries is strong as they benefit directly .

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

10% of the land users are very rich.
40% of the land users are average wealthy.
50% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: Due to small land holding size, there is not enough income from the farmlands to support large families. Therefore, people rely on seasonal work opportunities either within the district or their communities or migrate to Afghan cities or neighboring countries for work. Some people work in coal mines which are present in the district.

5.7 ទំហំផ្ទៃដីជាមធ្យមនៃដីប្រើប្រាស់ដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី ក្នុងការអនុវត្ត​បច្ចេកទេស

5.8 ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ដី និងកម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក

ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី:

• ភូមិ
• ឯកជន មានកម្មសិទ្ធ

កម្មសិទ្ធិប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

• ជាក្រុម (មានដែនកំណត់)

កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក:

• ជាក្រុម (មានដែនកំណត់)

មតិយោបល់:

Mostly, the land used for community bakeries belongs to the community. In case suitable land is not available, the community development council members and village elders motivate individuals to spare their land for the common cause.

5.9 ការប្រើប្រាស់សេវាកម្ម និងហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ

6.1 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្នុងបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

ផលប៉ះពាល់លើសេដ្ឋកិច្ចសង្គម

ផលិតផល

ចំណូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើសេដ្ឋកិច្ចសង្គមផ្សេងៗ

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើវប្បធម៌សង្គម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ី

វដ្តទឹក/លំហូរ

ដី

ជីវចម្រុះ៖ ដំណាំ, សត្វ

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ីផ្សេងៗ

6.2 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្រៅបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

6.3 ភាពប្រឈម និងភាពរួសនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ និងគ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ/ គ្រោះមហន្តរាយ (ដែលដឹងដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)

ការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ

ការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ

	រដូវកាល	កើនឡើង ឬថយចុះ	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
សីតុណ្ហភាពប្រចាំឆ្នាំ		កើនឡើង	ល្អ

គ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ (មហន្តរាយ) ​

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយធម្មជាតិ

	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
ព្យុះភ្លៀងតាមតំបន់	មិនល្អ
ព្យុះកំបុតត្បូងតាមតំបន់	ល្អ

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយអាកាសធាតុ

	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
រាំងស្ងួត	ល្អ

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយទឹក

	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
ទឹកជំនន់ទូទៅ (ទន្លេ)	មិនល្អ

ផលវិបាកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងបរិយាកាសផ្សេងៗទៀត

ផលវិបាកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងបរិយាកាសផ្សេងៗទៀត

	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
កាត់បន្ថយពេលដាំដុះ	ល្អ

មតិយោបល់:

If the weather gets too cold, more coal may be required for dash heating. There can be damages due to heavy rainfall but the bakeries can still operate. Therefore, it is not a major issue. Even without climatic extremes, the bakeries can be damaged due to flash floods.
Modifications possible: Bakeries should not be constructed near the flood ways.

6.4 ការវិភាគថ្លៃដើម និងអត្ថប្រយោជន៍

តើផលចំណេញ និងថ្លៃដើមត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

តើផលចំណេញ និងការថែទាំ/ ជួសជុលត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

មតិយោបល់:

One does not have to wait for getting direct benefits from a community bakery. The day one starts using a bakery, shrub consumption by a family will start to reduce. The benefits should also take into account improvements in the quality of people's lives, especially of the women and children.

6.5 ការទទួលយកបច្ចេកទេស

• > 50%

ក្នុងចំណោមគ្រួសារទាំងអស់ដែលបានអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស តើមានប៉ុន្មាន​គ្រួសារ​ដែល​ចង់​ធ្វើ​ដោយ​ខ្លួន​ឯង ដោយមិន​ទទួល​បាន​សម្ភារៈ​លើក​​ទឹកចិត្ត/​ប្រាក់ឧបត្ថម្ភ?​:

• 0-10%

មតិយោបល់:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
This is mainly because of the high investment during the investment phase. But there is one CDC in Kahmard which applied this technology by their own. People in Qaghor community bakery (initially supported by HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation) changed the traditional oven/dash into a mosaic one without any external support.
There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: One CDC adopted this technology without any external help.

6.7 ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៅកន្លែងរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
If the dash is made of mosaic, there is less coal consumption, bread quality is better and it takes less time to bake

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស​ ទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
Reduces shrub consumption and helps in watershed re-greening leading to reduced flash flood risks
Better lives and health of women, men and children and cash saving
Collective action and community ownership
Use of locally resources
For the cost of 1 donkey load of shrubs, a family can get baked bread for a whole month

6.8 ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យនៃបច្ចេកទេស និងវិធីសាស្ត្រដោះស្រាយ

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
Clay oven requires frequent maintenance	Alternatives like use of mosaic tiles could be an option and should be further explored.
As it is dark inside the dash, bakers have to use a torch and it also exposes them to heat	Develop better lighting systems. For instance a window opposite dash for more light or the dash could have a gentle slope.
2-3 bags of coal are used per day	The oven could be made more energy-efficient, for instance by improving insulation layering or by using mosaic tiles.
Bakeries are used for only bread baking	Options like heating water for which people can collect or a hot bath (hamam) could be integrated.

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកចងក្រងឬបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
Bakeries run on coal, and due to restrictions on coal mining some of them have stopped running	Government should solve this problem.
Minimum 80 families are required for running the bakeries profitably	Develop a model which caters to 10-20 households. Also, action research on different sizes and fuel consumation (coal, wood, gas, etc.).
Loss of income for few shrub collectors	Provide opportunities for off or on-farm income generation and cash for work.

7.1 វិធីសាស្ត្រ/ ប្រភពនៃព័ត៌មាន

7.2 ឯកសារយោងដែលបានចេញផ្សាយ

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

Our daily bread. Community bakeries: a huge benefit for Afghan families, SDC, 2010

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

http://www.sdc.admin.ch/en/Home/Documentation/Briefing_Papers/Asia_Brief/online: free access

7.3 ការភ្ជាប់ទៅកាន់ព័ត៌មានពាក់ព័ន្ធលើប្រព័ន្ធអនឡាញ

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Community Bakeries in Afghanistan, HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation, 2011

វេបសាយ:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXU15NfOu-8/free