1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Programme d’Appui à l’agriculture Productive (GIZ / PROMAP)

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Manual of Good Practices in Small Scale Irrigation in the Sahel (GIZ )

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - Герман

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Misereor - Герман

1.3 ВОКАТ-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:

Тийм

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Contour stone bunds are erosion control structures and improve water retention and infiltration into the soil, resulting in an increased harvest.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт

Тодорхойлолт:

Contour stone bunds are erosion control structures built with quarry rock or stones in series of two or three. They are constructed in lines along the natural contour of the land after 10-15 cm of the soil has been removed from the line where they are to be built. They should be built to a height of 20-30 cm from the ground and spaced 20 to 50 m apart depending on the inclination of the terrain.
The best results are achieved when contour stone bunds are used in combination with biological measures (planting of grass, trees and hedges) and the use of organic fertiliser and mulching.

Purpose of the Technology: Contour stone bunds protect the land against sheet erosion caused by runoff. They form a barrier that slows down runoff and spreads it more evenly over the land. By slowing the flow of water over the land, it can seep into the soil and prevents the loss of rainwater. The bunds also act as a filter, trapping fine waterborne particles of soil and manure, resulting in a build-up of sediment and the formation of terraces. The seeds of grasses and shrubs are also trapped by the bunds, favouring the establishment of natural vegetation along the structure. This further stabilises the soil and the bunds and contributes to conserving the biodiversity of plants and small wild animals (monitor lizards, birds, snakes and other reptiles). If good vegetation cover is developed on the stone bunds, they also lower soil temperature and provide protection against wind erosion. Excess water filters through the bunds and infiltrates into the soil. When rainfall is erratic, the stone bunds contribute to conserving more moisture in the soil for longer, which helps to alleviate water stress during dry spells. There is evidence that bunds that have been in place for over 15 years have positive effects on yields.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: A minimum amount of upkeep is required, which essentially involves replacing stones dislodged by animals or water flow. The lifespan of a stone bund is over 20 years.
In order to optimise the positive effects of stone bunds, it is important to ensure that they are constructed closely following the natural contour of the land and in accordance with the established technical standards.
The means of transport required depends on the proximity of a quarry or a supply of stones (cart or lorry).

Natural / human environment: This technique is designed for cropland, but can also be used on forest/rangeland. It is suitable for areas in the Sahel and the Sudan with rainfall ranging between 300 and 900 mm/year and low-to-medium gradient terrain.
When rainfall is high, they protect the land in the event of heavy rain, a phenomenon that tends to increase with climate change.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон/ бүс нутаг/ байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжсэн хугацаа

Байгуулсан тодорхой оныг мэдэхгүй бол баримжаа хугацааг тодорхойл:

• 10-50 жилийн өмнө

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Гадны төсөл/хөтөлбөрийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

Known as traditional method in some areas. Improved and up-scaled as part of numerous projects in many semi-arid countries. German Developmenmt Cooperation has used the technology from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management e.g. PDRT (Projet de développement rural de Tahoua - Tahoua Rural Development Project), PASP (Projet de protection intégrée des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillabéri-Nord - Project for the Integrated Protection of Agricultural, Forest and Rangeland Resources in Tillabéri-Nord) and several other projects of GIZ/KfW and other donors.

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (ууд)

• газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх

3.2 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(үүд)

Нэг газр нутгийн хэмжээнд хэрэгжих холимог газар ашиглалт:

Тийм

Газар ашиглалтын холимог тогтолцоог (тарилан/бэлчээр/ой мод) тодорхойл:

• ХАА-ой-бэлчээрийн цогц систем

Тайлбар:

major cash crop: Ground nut
major food crop: Millet
other: Sorghum, cow pea and mangoes

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): surface runoff, erosion by water and wind, fertility decline,

Nomadism: Yes

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes

Improved pasture: Yes

Other grazingland: agropastoralism

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, grazing / browsing, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.)

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: farmers are mainly agropastoralists with some communities specialised on pure pastoralism

Constraints of common grazing land

Constraints of forested government-owned land or commons

Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.4 Усан хангамж

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн усалгаатай

Тайлбар:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated and post-flooding

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах вэ

• Налуугийн арга хэмжээ

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

3.7 Технологид харгалзах газрын доройтлын төрөл

Тайлбар:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Unadapted landuse methods, reduced or abandoned fallow periods), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Neglect of fallow periods and crop rotation), droughts (due to heat waves and unreliable rainfall), population pressure (rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land), land tenure (insecure access to land and collectively managed communal land), poverty / wealth (very poor population)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (deforestation through overgrazing and fire wood collection), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (firewood collection), overgrazing (cattle, sheep and goats), change in temperature (Climate change: heat waves), change of seasonal rainfall (more variable onset of rain), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (more variable and intensive rains), wind storms / dust storms (frequent storms), floods (due to intensive rain storms), labour availability (some migration of men to nearby cities), education, access to knowledge and support services (high level of illiteracy)

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• Хүчтэй доройтсон газрыг нөхөн сэргээх/ сайжруулах

Тайлбар:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Технологийн техник зураг

4.2 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

Үнэ өртөгийг тооцоход ашигласан мөнгөн нэгж:

• Ам.доллар

4.3 Бий болгох үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	Levelling and marking out the contour lines
2.	collecting stones and loading them onto carts
3.	transporting the stones by cart
4.	constructing the bunds
5.	applying manure

4.4 Бий болгоход шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Levelling and construction of bunds	ha	1.0	19.32	19.32
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Tools	ha	1.0	1.95	1.95
Бусад	Transport of stones	ha	1.0	15.07	15.07
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					36.34
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					36.34

4.5 Арчилгаа/ урсгал үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Replacing stones dislodged by animals or water flow

4.7 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг, зардалд нөлөөлөх гол хүчин зүйл:

The exact cost per hectare of constructing stone bunds depends on the distance of the site from the quarry, the size of the quarry, the inclination of the terrain, which determines the spacing between the stone bunds, and the actual amount of stones transported in each lorryload. The prices below are provided as a guide.
Supply of quarry rock/stones: 24 m3 per 400 m of bund
Labour: 30 man-days per ha
• levelling and marking out the contour lines: 1 man-day
• collecting stones and loading them onto carts:
10 man-days
• transporting the stones by cart: 10 man-days
• constructing the bunds: 9 man-days
• applying manure.
Transportation by cart:
• 20 cartloads of stones
• 20 cartloads of manure (if used).
Transportation by lorry:
• 6 lorryloads (skip loader – 4.5 m3 per load).
Other costs: equipment (pickaxes, shovels, wheelbarrows, water-tube level, etc.).

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Гадаргын хэлбэр

Гадаргын талаархи тодорхойлолт ба бусад тайлбар:

Landforms: Also footslopes and valley floors

Altitudinal zone: 200 m a.s.l.

5.3 Хөрс

Боломжтой бол хөрсний бүрэн тодорхойлолт, боломжит мэдээллийг өгнө үү, жишээ нь хөрсний төрөл, хөрсний урвалын орчин/хүчиллэг байдал, катион солилцох чадавхи, азотын хэмжээ, давсжилт г.м.

Soil texture (topsoil): Fine to medium (sandy to clayey loams)

5.4 Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Усны чанар, нөөцийн талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

Ground water table: > 10 m

Availability of surface water: Surface runoff generated by limited but intense rainfalls

5.5 Биологийн олон янз байдал

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын тухай мэдээлэл

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

(mostly poor households below poverty line).

Off-farm income specification: men migrate temporarily or permanently to cities for off-farm income, women and men seasonally carry out paid farm work

Market orientation of production system: Most households crop for subsistence (mainly for small agropastoralists) and surplus is sold on market (medium agropastoralists). Commercial markets: some vegetable growing and pastoralists.

Level of mechanization: Ox and donkey used for animal traction

5.7 Газар ашиглагчийн технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын дундаж талбайн хэмжээ

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• төрийн
• нэгдлийн/ тосгон

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)
• хувь хүн

Тайлбар:

traditional land use rights prevail. On fields individual land use rights, communal rights on pasture and forest land (collection of wood and other products (fruits, medicinal plants))

Land ownership: Also individual not titled

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

6.1 Технологийн талбайд үзүүлсэн нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Усны эргэлт/ илүүдэл

Хөрс

Биологийн олон янз байдал: ургамал, амьтан

Уур амьсгал болон гамшгийн эрсдлийг бууруулах

Экологийн бусад үр нөлөө

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, цаг агаарын гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Өсөх эсвэл буурах	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
жилийн дундаж температур		Өсөлт	сайн

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул (гамшиг)

Цаг уурын гамшигт үзэгдэл

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
орон нутгийн аадар бороо	муу
орон нутгийн салхин шуурга	сайн

Уур амьсгалын гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
ган гачиг	сайн

Усзүйн гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
усны үер (гол)	муу

Уур амьсгалд хамаарах бусад үр дагавар

Уур амьсгалд хамаарах бусад үр дагавар

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
цргалтын хугацаа багасах	мэдэхгүй

6.4 Өртөг ба ашгийн шинжилгээ

Бий болгох зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Арчилгаа/урсгал зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

6.5 Технологи нэвтрүүлэлт

Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн хүмүүсээс хэд нь өөрийн хүчээр технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн бэ, өөрөөр хэлбэл гадны тусламж дэмжлэг авалгүйгээр?

• 51-90%

Тайлбар:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: While in emergency programs erosion control structures are mostly implemented through cash/food for work this is not the case in natural resource programs. As concerns German Development Cooperation, cash/food for work has been used during the 80ies and 90ies to implement stone bunds. Thereafter most programs switched to a voluntary approach where only Tools and transport were provided but all labour has been provided by the beneficiaries without payment.

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The success of this measure and implementation on a wide scale depend to a large extent on whether grants are available to cover the cost of transporting the stones required to the site, good community organisation and the capacity of the community to mobilise the necessary labour, the contribution required from the farmers.
The farmers’ commitment to implementing the measure largely depends on whether they are allowed to choose the sites to be improved in their area. Forcing them to begin the improvement work upstream, as dictated by the traditional watershed development approach, has often proved counterproductive. Most communities prefer to improve individual plots first in order to achieve immediate effects on crop production and leave the treatment of forest/ rangeland areas as a second step.

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
There is evidence that bunds that have been in place for over 15 years have positive effects on yields. Grain yields increase by more than 40% for millet up to 15 years after the bunds were established, and there is no evidence to suggest that yields decline with time. This can be explained by improved soil structure, which increases infiltration, even after the bunds are completely silted up.
The lifespan of a stone bund is over 20 years. There is a progressive build-up of sediment behind the bunds, resulting in the formation of terraces. Although the capacity of the bunds to retain water declines as the sediment builds up, soil infiltration capacity increases, thanks to improved soil structure, and the slope becomes gentler thanks to the terracing effect. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Farmers can maintain water retention capacity by raising the height of the existing bunds. In some places, farmers take the stones from the original bunds when a ridge of vegetation has been established and use them to form new bunds between the old ones.
The decrease in surface runoff in the treated area reduces the flow of floodwater and the amount of sediment carried by the water downstream, thereby protecting the fertile land in the valley bottoms from siltation and gully erosion. How can they be sustained / enhanced? In order to optimise the positive effects of stone bunds, it is important to ensure that they are constructed closely following the natural contour of the land and in accordance with the established technical standards.
In dry years, while unimproved land produces nothing, land protected by stone bunds can still produce a harvest. How can they be sustained / enhanced? When stone bunds are used in combination with zai planting pits, sorghum yields can increase by 114-124%. When used in conjunction with the application of the right amount of organic fertiliser, sorghum yields can be doubled.
Higher crop production improves household food security in proportion to the area of a farm improved with bunds. Under the PASP in Niger, an average of 16% of the area of a farm was improved with stone bunds, resulting in an increase of between 8% and 33% in annual output with no other additional measures.

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах арга зам

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
In wet years, the bunds may cause waterlogging in some parts of the field, which can adversely affect some crops.	If this happens, farmers must open up a gap in the bunds to drain off the water.

7.1 Мэдээлэл цуглуулсан арга/эх үүсвэр

7.3 Холбогдох мэдээллийн интернет холбоос

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт:

Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012.

URL:

http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page