Abordagens

Strategies of traditional shifting cultivation [Bangladesh]

approaches_2403 - Bangladesh

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1. Informação geral

1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da abordagem

Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)

Especialista em GST:
Especialista em GST:
Especialista em GST:
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI) (Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI)) - Bangladesh
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/avaliação da Abordagem (se relevante)
Society for Environment and Human Development (SEHD) (Society for Environment and Human Development (SEHD)) - Bangladesh

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O compilador e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através do WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre tecnologias da GST

Traditional Shifting Cultivation
technologies

Traditional Shifting Cultivation [Bangladesh]

Traditional shifting cultivation is a rain-fed cultivation practice of the trible people of CHT (Chittagong Hill Tracts) for their subsistence, where natural vegetation is cleared off by slash-and-burn, to grow mixed annual crop for one year and then the land is left fallow for 3-5 years for natural regeneration.

  • Compilador/a: Abdul Gafur

2. Descrição da abordagem de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da abordagem

Tradtional appraoch to jhuming involving tribal institutions and traditonal knowledge based technologies.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da abordagem

Descrição detalhada da abordagem:

Aims / objectives: The main purpose of the approach is to facilitate the tribal population with no cultivable landownership to seek their subsistence by adopting tradtional jhum practice by involving the entire family members. The specific objectives is to ensure site allocation within the communites for jhum and to ensure that the age old knowledge about shifting cultivation is passed on to the next generations.

Methods: The method to achieving this is that the tribals have a very strong local institution comprising of King, Dewan, Head man, and Karbari, priests and the villagers. In case of knowledge transfer, head of a family ensures that he/she passes on the technology information to his/her followers.

Stages of implementation: At evry stage of the implementation of jhum, the landusers are supported by the local institutions and their tradtional custams, attitudes and beliefs.

Role of stakeholders: The tribal institution takes care of the problems encourtered by the landusers during selection of jhum sites and overall activities of jhum.

2.5 País/região/locais onde a abordagem foi aplicada

País:

Bangladesh

Região/Estado/Província:

Chittagogn Hill Tracts

2.7 Tipo de abordagem

  • Tradicional/Indígena

2.8 Principais metas/objetivos da abordagem

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Slashing, burning, weeding)

The main purpose of the approach is to facilitate the tribal population with no cultivable landownership to seek their subsistence by adopting tradtional jhum practice by involving the entire family members. The specific objectives is to ensure site allocation within the communites for jhum and to ensure that the age old knowledge about shifting cultivation is passed on to the next generations. The method to achieving this is that the tribals have a very strong local institution comprising of King, Dewan, Head man, and Karbari, priests and the villagers. In case of knowledge transfer, head of a family ensures that he/she passes on the technology information to his/her followers. At evry stage of the implementation of jhum, the landusers are supported by the local institutions and their tradtional custams, attitudes and beliefs. The tribal institution takes care of the problems encourtered by the landusers during selection of jhum sites and overall activities of jhum.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: That the poor triabal communities with no landownership can make a livelihood by jhum practice without any inter/intra commmunity conflicts. It also ensures that outside interference which might threaten the jhumias livelihood is minimised.

2.9 Condição que propiciam ou inibem a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias aplicada(s) segundo a abordagem

Normas e valores sociais/culturais/religiosos
  • Inibitivo

Lack of ownership, scarcity of judicially cultivated plain land, During site selection.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Ensure land ownership,Priests advice, local instituion involevment in every steps of Jhuming

Disponibilidade/acesso a recursos e serviços financeiros
  • Inibitivo

Taking more area for jhum and increase inputs, no credit for Jhum.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: They opt for less area and traditional way of cultivation.

Quadro institucional
  • Inibitivo

Lack employment opportunities

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Involvement and support from state institutions.

Quadro jurídico (posse de terra, direitos de uso da terra e da água)
  • Propício

The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights greatly helped the approach implementation: If land tenureship was legalised the tribals may have opted for settled agriculture.

  • Inibitivo

No development focus

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Credit facilities may be provided, state ensured landownership.

Conhecimento sobre GST, acesso a suporte técnico
  • Inibitivo

Scarcity of HYV seeds, fetilizer and pesticide.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Ensure availability of all farm inputs.

3. Participação e papel das partes interessadas envolvidas

3.1 Partes interessadas envolvidas na abordagem e seus papéis

  • Organizações comunitárias

Specific ethnic groups: Chakma Tribes in the CHT.

The practice as such involves the poor land users. Working land users were mainly men

3.2 Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais nas diferentes fases da abordagem
Envolvimento do usuários de terra/comunidades locais Especifique quem estava envolvido e descreva as atividades
Iniciação/motivação Nenhum
Planejamento Participativo public meetings; Plan within the triabls the distribution of land for jhum.
Implementação Automobilização responsibility for major steps; By individual households.
Monitoramento/avaliação Participativo measurements/observations; By the landusers.
Research Nenhum

3.4 Decisão sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias de GST

Especifique quem decidiu sobre a seleção de tecnologia/tecnologias a serem implementadas:
  • Somente usuários da terra (iniciativa própria)
Explique:

Individual household based decision

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by by land users* alone (self-initiative / bottom-up). In close consultation with the local jhum based institution.

4. Suporte técnico, reforço das capacidades e gestão do conhecimento

4.1 Reforço das capacidades/formação

Foi oferecida formação aos usuários da terra/outras partes interessadas?

Sim

Especifique quem foi capacitado:
  • Usuários de terra
Tipo de formação:
  • Em exercício
Assuntos abordados:

The family head gives training their off spring.

4.2 Serviço de consultoria

Os usuários de terra têm acesso a um serviço de consultoria?

Sim

Especifique se foi oferecido serviço de consultoria:
  • nas áreas dos usuários da terra
Descreva/comentários:

Name of method used for advisory service: Jhumia to jhumia hands on extension method.; Key elements: Interaction between two generations., Interactions between jhumia based local institutions., On the job training.; 1) Advisory service was carried out through: landusers 2) Advisory service was carried out through: landusers; e 3) Target groups for extension: land users.

4.3 Fortalecimento da instituição (desenvolvimento organizacional)

As instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas através da abordagem?
  • Sim, significativamente
Especifique a que nível (níveis) as instituições foram fortalecidas ou estabelecidas:
  • Local
Especifique o tipo de apoio:
  • Reforço das capacidades/formação

4.4 Monitoramento e avaliação

Monitoramento e avaliação são partes da abordagem?

Sim

Comentários:

bio-physical aspects were ad hoc monitored through observations

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored through observations

5. Financiamento e apoio material externo

5.1 Orçamento anual para o componente de GST da abordagem

Comentários (p. ex. principais fontes de recursos/principais doadores):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: local community / land user(s) (Meetings): 100.0%

5.2 Apoio financeiro/material concedido aos usuários da terra

Os usuários da terra receberam apoio financeiro/material para a implementação de tecnologia/tecnologias?

Não

5.3 Subsídios para entradas específicas (incluindo mão-de-obra)

  • Nenhum
 

5.4 Crédito

Foi concedido crédito segundo a abordagem para atividades de GST?

Não

6. Análise de impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos da abordagem

A abordagem auxiliou os usuários da terra a implementar e manter as tecnologias de GST?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
  • Não
  • Sim, pouco
  • Sim, moderadamente
  • Sim, significativamente

Other tribal communities of CHT (about 12 in number) have a similar approach to jhum.

6.3 Atividades de sustentabilidade de abordagem

Os usuários da terra podem manter o que foi implementado através da abordagem (sem apoio externo)?
  • Sim

6.4 Pontos fortes/vantagens da abordagem

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Food security and poverty aleviation. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: They would rather prefer settled agriculture.)
Multiple crop production round the year.
Less costly and less laborious.
Availability of fuel and timber.
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Inspite of land ownership conflicts, local institutions function efficiently to maintain harmony in the community. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: The strenght of local institutions need to be optimally used by the projects and programs to develop and test better and sustainable production systems from a SWC perspective in CHT.)
Easy to adopt and less costly to implement.
Marginal lands can be used.
Self employment for the entire family.
Ensures food security and poverty elevation.
Multi-crop based production system for the whole year.
Gender equity.
Availability of fuel and timber.
Traditional knowledge based practice.

6.5 Pontos fracos, desvantagens da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra Como eles podem ser superados?
Soil degradation and low productivity. Financial support and land rights ensured.
Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do compilador ou de outra pessoa capacitada Como eles podem ser superados?
The appraoch promotes soil and land degradation, deforestation and loss of flora and fauna. The landusers should be encoraged to take up settled agriculture ensuring their land rights and logistic supports from liquidity and technical amd material support.

7. Referências e links

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

  • visitas de campo, pesquisas de campo
  • entrevistas com usuários de terras

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Sustainability Appraisal of Shifting Cultivation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. By Ole K. Borggaard, Abdul Gafur and Leif Petersen.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Ambio Vol. 32 No. 2, 118-123, March 2003.

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Runoff and losses of soil and nutrients from small watersheds under shifting cultivation (Jhum) in the CHT of Bangladesh. Abdul Gafur et al. 2003

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Journal of Hydrology, Volume 274, Issues 1-4, 1 April 2003, Pages 30-46

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Changes in Soil Nutrient Content under Shifting Cultivation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Abdul Gafur, et al. 2000.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

Danish Journal of Geography 100: 37-46

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