Tecnologias

Stone Check Walls and Check Dams for Soil and Water Conservation [Índia]

technologies_5210 - Índia

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1. Informação geral

1.2 Detalhes do contato das pessoas capacitadas e instituições envolvidas na avaliação e documentação da tecnologia

Pessoa(s) capacitada(s)

usuário de terra:

Jagdamba Joshi

Nakina Village

Índia

Nome do projeto que facilitou a documentação/avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)
Onsite and Offsite Benefits of SLM
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)
ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Nepal
Nome da(s) instituição(ões) que facilitou(ram) a documentação/ avaliação da Tecnologia (se relevante)
G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development (G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development) - Índia

1.3 Condições em relação ao uso da informação documentada através de WOCAT

O/a compilador/a e a(s) pessoa(s) capacitada(s) aceitam as condições relativas ao uso de dados documentados através da WOCAT:

Sim

1.4 Declaração de sustentabilidade da tecnologia descrita

A tecnologia descrita aqui é problemática em relação a degradação da terra de forma que não pode ser declarada uma tecnologia de gestão sustentável de terra?

Não

1.5 Referência ao(s) questionário(s) sobre abordagens GST (documentado(s) usando WOCAT)

Community Forest Management in the Nakina Van Panchayat
approaches

Community Forest Management in the Nakina Van Panchayat [Índia]

Van Panchayats or village forest councils are a impressive example of grassroots community management of natural resources, where a specific administrative unit is locally elected by community members who are responsible for the management of activities related to the forest.

  • Compilador/a: Jaclyn Bandy
Naula Management and Conservation
approaches

Naula Management and Conservation [Índia]

Naulas are shallow, four-sided stepped wells designed to collect water from subterranean seepages or springs and are used to meet domestic water needs by the local communities. Naula management and conservation encompasses a range of activities that preserve their structure and function.

  • Compilador/a: Jaclyn Bandy

2. Descrição da tecnologia de GST

2.1 Descrição curta da tecnologia

Definição da tecnologia:

Stone Check Dams/Walls, Retainment Walls, and a Water Diversion Wall has been constructed in Nakina Village and Nakina Community Forest to help protect their settlements, agriculture land, forest land, and preserve the hilly landscape. These structures serve to reduce the runoff velocity (lowering the rate of erosion and gullying in steep slope channels) and increase infiltration for groundwater recharge.

2.2 Descrição detalhada da tecnologia

Descrição:

1. The technology is found in both natural and human environments (forest and settlement areas)

2. Main Characteristics: A check dam or check wall is constructed in a loose or active gully or a rill (shallow channel) that threatens to enlarge, or anywhere on a slope where there is a danger of scour from running water. The structures lower the velocity of flow. In Nakina porous check walls, check dams, and retainment walls were made out of stone gathered from the surrounding area. A porous check dam releases a portion of flow through the structure, decreases the head of flow over the spillway, and decreases the dynamic and hydrostatic forces against the check dam. Porous check dams are simple and more economical for construction.

Once stones are collected they are cut into suitable sizes and surfaces ( "dressing" of stones). The site where the technology is to be constructed is then cleared and, for check dams, the sides are sloped 1:1 (this simply refers to the ratio of the rise and run of the slope, so 1:1 means you'll have a 45 degree slope for your excavation). This is also known as the angle of repose, where the granular material of the embankment will be stable and not slump from its own weight. The base of the dam should be around 70 cm thick if it is 1 meter high. The bed of gully is excavated for foundation and dry stones are packed from that level.

3. Purposes/functions: Interrupts the flow of water and flattens the gradient of a channel, thereby reducing the velocity and inducing infiltration rather than eroding the channel. These structures not only slow flow velocity but also to distribute flows across vegetation. Despite some sedimentation resulting behind the dam, small cracks and porous spaces in the holes of the stones allow some sediment to flow through and the finer particles fill the gaps and strengthen the structure. Check dams can also be designed to create small reservoirs.

4. Major activities include identifying the appropriate site of installation, collection of construction materials, technical planning of the structure dimensions and design, manual labor, and maintenance.

5. Benefits/impacts: These structures decelerate runoff and accelerates groundwater recharging by storing water and facilitating infiltration of water into the soil

6. Like/Dislike:
Advantages
•Inexpensive and relatively easy to install given local building materials and labor availability
•Reduce velocity, prevent gully erosion and cause a high proportion of the sediment load in runoff to settle out, preventing downstream damage
•When carefully located and designed, check dams can remain as permanent installations with very minor regrading

Disadvantages
•Many of these structures have a temporary nature, and need to reconstructed or removed after significant damage
•Removal or reconstruction may be a significant cost depending on the size and design
•May kill grass linings in channels if the water level remains high after rainstorms or if there is significant sedimentation.
•May create turbulence which erodes the channel banks.
•Clogging by organic material may be a problem and hinder the structure's function

2.3 Fotos da tecnologia

2.5 País/região/locais onde a tecnologia foi aplicada e que estão cobertos nesta avaliação

País:

Índia

Região/Estado/Província:

Uttarakhand

Especificação adicional de localização:

Nakina Village, Pithoragarh Bloc

Especifique a difusão da tecnologia:
  • Aplicado em pontos específicos/concentrado numa pequena área
O(s) local(is) tecnológico(s) está(ão) localizado(s) em uma área permanentemente protegida?

Sim

Caso afirmativo, especifique:

5 check dams are located in the protected forest of Nakina. The other structures are located in the village settlement (the 5 check walls are within the ravine) or just above the Bhind Spring (Naula).

2.6 Data da implementação

Caso o ano exato seja desconhecido, indique a data aproximada:
  • mais de 50 anos atrás (tradicional)

2.7 Introdução da tecnologia

Especifique como a tecnologia foi introduzida:
  • atráves de inovação dos usuários da terra
  • Como parte do sistema tradicional (>50 anos)
  • através de projetos/intervenções externas
Comentários (tipos de projeto, etc.):

Check dams and other retainment structures are technologies that have been used for centuries. Some of the structures in the village are nearly +50 years old and have either been constructed with the help of the government (ravine check dams in settlement and above Bhind Naula) and others have been more recently constructed by the villagers themselves to support the forest landscape, specifically springshed recharge.

3. Classificação da tecnologia de GST

3.1 Principal/principais finalidade(s) da tecnologia

  • Reduz, previne, recupera a degradação do solo
  • Preserva ecossistema
  • Protege uma bacia/zonas a jusante – em combinação com outra tecnologia
  • Reduzir riscos de desastre
  • Adaptar a mudanças climáticas/extremos e seus impactos

3.2 Tipo(s) atualizado(s) de uso da terra onde a tecnologia foi aplicada

Floresta/bosques

Floresta/bosques

  • Florestas/bosques (semi)naturais
Florestas (semi)naturais/ bosques: Especificar o tipo de manejo:
  • Derrubada seletiva
Tipo de floresta (semi)natural:
  • vegetação natural da floresta seca subtropical
  • quercus leucotrichophora (Banj oak)
As árvores especificadas acima são decíduas ou perenes?
  • decíduo 
Produtos e serviços:
  • Madeira
  • Lenha
  • Pastagem/Alimentação de folhas e brotos
  • Conservação/proteção da natureza
Assentamentos, infraestrutura

Assentamentos, infraestrutura

  • Assentamentos, edificações

3.3 O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?

O uso do solo mudou devido à implementação da Tecnologia?
  • Não (Continuar com a pergunta 3.4)

3.4 Abastecimento de água

Abastecimento de água para a terra na qual a tecnologia é aplicada:
  • Precipitação natural

3.5 Grupo de GST ao qual pertence a tecnologia

  • Medidas de curva de nível
  • Desvio e drenagem de água
  • Gestão de água de superfície (nascente, rio, lagos, mar)

3.6 Medidas de GST contendo a tecnologia

Medidas estruturais

Medidas estruturais

  • S3: Valas graduadas, canais, vias navegáveis
  • S6: Muros, barreiras, paliçadas, cercas

3.7 Principais tipos de degradação da terra abordados pela tecnologia

Erosão do solo pela água

Erosão do solo pela água

  • Wt: Perda do solo superficial/erosão de superfície
  • Wg: Erosão por ravinas/ravinamento
  • Wm: movimento de massas/deslizamentos
  • Wr: erosão das margens
  • Wo: efeitos de degradação externa
Deteriorização física do solo

Deteriorização física do solo

  • Ps: Subsidência de solos orgânico, sedimentação do solo
Degradação biológica

Degradação biológica

  • Bc: redução da cobertura vegetal
  • Bq: quantidade/ declínio da biomassa
Degradação da água

Degradação da água

  • Hg: mudança no lençol freático/aquífero

3.8 Redução, prevenção ou recuperação da degradação do solo

Especifique o objetivo da tecnologia em relação a degradação da terra:
  • Prevenir degradação do solo
  • Reduzir a degradação do solo

4. Especificações técnicas, implementação de atividades, entradas e custos

4.1 Desenho técnico da tecnologia

Autor:

Jaclyn Bandy

Data:

02/08/2019

Autor:

Jaclyn Bandy

Data:

02/08/2019

Autor:

Jaclyn Bandy

Data:

02/08/2019

Autor:

Jaclyn Bandy

Data:

02/08/2019

4.2 Informação geral em relação ao cálculo de entradas e custos

Especifique como custos e entradas foram calculados:
  • Por unidade de tecnologia
Especifique a unidade:

1. Small Check Dams 2. Large Check Walls 3. Water Diversion Wall 4. Bhind Check Walls/Retainment wall

Especificar as dimensões da unidade (se for relevante):

1. 5 units (3.5m x 1.5m x 0.9m) 2. 5 units (8m x 1m x 2.7m) 3. 1 unit (115m x 0.65 x 0.95m) 4. 1 unit (100m x 1m x 1.5m)

Outro/moeda nacional (especifique):

INR

Se for relevante, indique a taxa de câmbio do USD para moeda local (por exemplo, 1 USD = 79,9 Real): 1 USD =:

70,0

Indique a média salarial da mão-de-obra contratada por dia:

400 INR per head/day

4.3 Atividades de implantação

Atividade Periodicidade (estação do ano)
1. Nakina village built a long water diversion wall over +50 years ago that serves as a water channel, directing runoff away from settlements and towards the ravine Pre-monsoon /dry season
2. Within the ravine/gully in Nakina Village, there is a series of 5 large check walls that were established with the help of the Forest Department Pre-monsoon /dry season
3. There is a series of check walls/check dams in another gully that were established in 1952 above the Bhind Spring/Naula (on the opposite side of the village) to protect it and decrease runoff/further erosion Pre-monsoon/dry season
4. In December 2017 the Nakina Van Panchayat (community forest council) decided to construct 5 new check dams within the Nakina Forest, which lie in the upper catchment area of the Bhind Spring Pre-monsoon/dry season
5. For the establishment of all these structures, the community and technical assistants assessed the topography of the area, size of the gully, catchment area and runoff rate before establishing the check-dam. Pre-monsoon/dry season
6. The sites were selected and prepared by removing debris and other unsuitable material which would interfere with proper placement of the check dam/wall materials. Pre-monsoon/dry season

4.4 Custos e entradas necessárias para a implantação

Especifique a entrada Unidade Quantidade Custos por unidade Custos totais por entrada % dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra Large Water Diversion Wall person-days 60,0 400,0 24000,0 20,0
Mão-de-obra 5 Large Check Walls person-days 50,0 400,0 20000,0 20,0
Mão-de-obra Bhind Spring Check Walls/Retainment Wall person-days 19,0 400,0 7600,0 50,0
Mão-de-obra 5 Small Check Walls in Forest person-days 10,0 400,0 4000,0 100,0
Equipamento Crate Wire (15m x 2m x 2m) Cum 60,0 75,0 4500,0
Equipamento Pick pieces 15,0 300,0 4500,0 100,0
Equipamento Shovel pieces 20,0 500,0 10000,0 100,0
Equipamento pharuwa (hoe) pieces 15,0 300,0 4500,0 100,0
Equipamento khanti (digging bar) pieces 10,0 1500,0 15000,0 100,0
Equipamento hammer (5kg) pieces 10,0 2000,0 20000,0 100,0
Equipamento chino (chisel) pieces 10,0 500,0 5000,0 100,0
Equipamento khukuri (knife) pieces 10,0 250,0 2500,0 100,0
Material vegetal small hammer (0.5-1 kg) pieces 15,0 300,0 4500,0 100,0
Material de construção Rocks of various size and shape collected/excavated on site
Material de construção Small Check Walls in Forest (5) cum 23,625 200,0 4725,0 100,0
Material de construção Large Check Walls (5) cum 108,0 200,0 21600,0 20,0
Material de construção Large Water Diversion Wall (1) cum 71,0 200,0 14200,0 100,0
Material de construção Bhind Check Walls/Retainment Wall (5) cum 150,0 200,0 30000,0 50,0
Outros Rocks of various size and shape collected/excavated on site
Custos totais para a implantação da tecnologia 196625,0
Custos totais para o estabelecimento da Tecnologia em USD 2808,93
Se o usuário da terra arca com menos que 100% dos custos, indique quem cobre os custos remanescentes:

Uttarakhand Forest Department (Government), JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency)

Comentários:

Cost Estimate: 200 INR/cum
Example:
1. Small Check Dams: 5 units (3.5m x 1.5m x 0.9m) ----- 4.725 cum x 200 INR = 945 INR/unit
945 INR/unit x 5 units = 4,725 Rs
or...
(4.725 cum/unit x 5 unit = 23.625 total cum )
(23.625 total cum x 200 INR = 4,725 Rs.)

2. Large Check Walls: 5 units (8m x 1m x 2.7m) -----21.6 x 200 = 4320
4320 cum x 5 units = 21,600 Rs

3. Water Diversion Wall: 1 unit (115m x 0.65 x 0.95m) ------71 x 200= 14,200
14,200 X 1 unit= 14,200 Rs

3. Bhind Spring Check Walls/Retainment Wall: 1 unit (100m x 1m x 1.5m) = 150 total cum
150 x 200 INR = 30,000 INR Total

4.5 Atividades recorrentes/manutenção

Atividade Periodicidade/frequência
1. Inspection of the check dam for rock displacement and erosion around the ends of the dam after each significant rainfall event Monsoon/ weekly
2. Sediment accumulation is removed if it reaches a depth of ½ the original dam height Pre-monsoon/Monsoon
3. Sometimes check dams are removed when their useful life is completed Annual inspections

4.6 Custos e entradas necessárias pata a manutenção/atividades recorrentes (por ano)

Especifique a entrada Unidade Quantidade Custos por unidade Custos totais por entrada % dos custos arcados pelos usuários da terra
Mão-de-obra Reconstruction of damaged check dams person-days/unit 10,0 400,0 4000,0 100,0
Mão-de-obra Removal of sediment person-days/unit 5,0 400,0 2000,0 100,0
Equipamento pick pieces 3,0 70,0 210,0 100,0
Equipamento shovel pieces 3,0 42,0 126,0 100,0
Equipamento pharuwa (hoe) pieces 2,0 52,0 104,0 100,0
Equipamento khanti (digging bar) pieces 2,0 30,0 60,0 100,0
Equipamento hammer pieces 3,0 25,0 75,0 100,0
Equipamento chino (chisel) pieces 2,0 75,0 150,0 100,0
Equipamento khukuri (knife) pieces 2,0 22,0 44,0 100,0
Equipamento small hammer (0.5-1kg) pieces 3,0 120,0 360,0 100,0
Material de construção Stones available at site locally
Custos totais para a manutenção da tecnologia 7129,0
Custos totais de manutenção da Tecnologia em USD 101,84

4.7 Fatores mais importantes que afetam os custos

Descreva os fatores mais determinantes que afetam os custos:

Size of the check dam/check wall
Frequency and intensity of the damage to the structures
Labor availability

5. Ambiente natural e humano

5.1 Clima

Precipitação pluviométrica anual
  • <250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1.000 mm
  • 1.001-1.500 mm
  • 1.501-2.000 mm
  • 2.001-3.000 mm
  • 3.001-4.000 mm
  • > 4.000 mm
Especifique a média pluviométrica anual em mm (se conhecida):

1500,00

Especificações/comentários sobre a pluviosidade:

Monsoon- mid-June to mid-September; July and August are the rainiest months and the temperature is warm and moist; between 70-85% of the annual precipitation occurs in the monsoon season

Seasons
a. Winter or Cold weather (mid Dec. - mid March)
b. Summer or hot weather (mid March - mid June)
c. Season of general rains (South - West monsoon season)
d. Season of retreating monsoon (mid September to mid November)

Indique o nome da estação meteorológica de referência considerada:

India Meteorological Department, Meteorological Centre Dehradun

Zona agroclimática
  • Subúmido

The overall climatic condition in the Pithoragarh district is governed by the southwest monsoon. It has a sub-tropical to temperate climate, with three pronounced seasons; summer, winter, and monsoon. The hilly terrain of the Himalayan region has snow cover and is cold during winter with snowfall normally occurring during the months of December to March.

Temperature- The temperature ranges from 0°C to 10°C in winter and from 8°C to 33°C in summer season. However, there is no meteorological observatory in the district. The account of the climate is based mainly on the records of the observations in the neighboring districts where similar meteorological conditions prevail. Variations in temperature are considerable from place to place and depend upon elevation as well as aspect. As the insolation is intense at high altitudes, in summer temperatures are considerably higher in the open than in the shade.

5.2 Topografia

Declividade média:
  • Plano (0-2%)
  • Suave ondulado (3-5%)
  • Ondulado (6-10%)
  • Moderadamente ondulado (11-15%)
  • Forte ondulado (16-30%)
  • Montanhoso (31-60%)
  • Escarpado (>60%)
Formas de relevo:
  • Planalto/planície
  • Cumes
  • Encosta de serra
  • Encosta de morro
  • Sopés
  • Fundos de vale
Zona de altitude:
  • 0-100 m s.n.m.
  • 101-500 m s.n.m.
  • 501-1.000 m s.n.m.
  • 1.001-1.500 m s.n.m.
  • 1.501-2.000 m s.n.m.
  • 2.001-2.500 m s.n.m.
  • 2.501-3.000 m s.n.m.
  • 3.001-4.000 m s.n.m.
  • > 4.000 m s.n.m.
Indique se a tecnologia é aplicada especificamente em:
  • Posições côncavas
Comentários e outras especificações sobre a topografia:

Altitude of evaluated sites: 1800-1990m
Average Slope: 25-+30%

5.3 Solos

Profundidade do solo em média:
  • Muito raso (0-20 cm)
  • Raso (21-50 cm)
  • Moderadamente profundo (51-80 cm)
  • Profundo (81-120 cm)
  • Muito profundo (>120 cm)
Textura do solo (solo superficial):
  • Grosso/fino (arenoso)
  • Médio (limoso, siltoso)
Textura do solo (>20 cm abaixo da superfície):
  • Médio (limoso, siltoso)
Matéria orgânica do solo superficial:
  • Médio (1-3%)
  • Baixo (<1%)
Caso disponível anexe a descrição completa do solo ou especifique as informações disponíveis, p. ex. tipo de solo, PH/acidez do solo, nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, salinidade, etc.

Mountain/hill soils are a collective name given to various types of soils found under the following conditions :
-under sub-tropical, temperate and sub-alpine conditions
-under various forest types

Characteristics: very thin, fertile, and may be less than a centimeter deep on steep slopes; they are mixed with pebbles, shingles (a mass of small rounded pebbles), and gravels; they have a low-medium water holding capacity. Angular and subangular fragments of parent rock may be found mixed with the lower layers of the mountain and hill soils.

Texture: varies from loamy to sandy loam.
Soil Reaction: ranges from acidic to neutral (pH 4.6 to 6.5)
Organic Matter content: 1-5%

Ferrugenous red roils are found in this district and are well developed over Himalayan rocks (quartzite, biotite schist, amphibolite schist). They are free of carbonates and deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphorus, light textured, porous, and friable (brittle/crumbly). The soil depth ranges from about 10cm-75 cm. These soils may be grouped into two on basis of morphology

1. Red earths- loose, friable topsoil rich in secondary concretions (hard, compact mass of matter formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil)
2. Red loam- argillaceous soils having a blocky structure (argillaceous minerals may appear silvery upon optical reflection and are minerals containing substantial amounts of clay-like components, e.g. argillaceous limestones are limestones consisting predominantly of calcium carbonate, but including 10-40% of clay minerals)

Brown soil: is found particularly under dense broadleaved temperate and sub-alpine forests. There occurs a thick layer of humus on the forest floor (made of decomposed leaves, branches, twigs) and the topsoil is extremely rich in humus

Podsolic Soil: soil that has developed in humid/temperate conditions usually under coniferous forests (e.g. deodar, blue pine, fir, spruce) over quartzite, granites, schists and gneiss.

Citation: Kumaun: The Land and the People, Sharad Singh Negi (1993)

5.4 Disponibilidade e qualidade de água

Lençol freático:

> 50 m

Disponibilidade de água de superfície:

Médio

Qualidade da água (não tratada):

Água potável boa

A qualidade da água refere-se a:

águas subterrâneas

A salinidade da água é um problema?

Não

Ocorre inundação da área?

Não

Comentários e outras especificações sobre a qualidade e a quantidade da água:

Quantity: Water crisis has been a perennial problem in both the rural and urban areas of the Pithoragarh district
There is scarcity of safe drinking water of the villages in the study area. Hand pumps are often not functioning, pipe-water schemes are unreliable and the spring discharges have reduced during the dry season. Hand-pumped water often has a high iron content and bitter taste. Poor quality of groundwater in some of the naulas is mainly due to misuse and/or disuse of the structures.

A block-district groundwater resource estimation could not be carried out as the area is hilly (with slope >20%) and in major part aquifers are small, isolated bodies, and groundwater abstraction is done mainly through hand pumps and springs with small discharges.

However, we collected some physicochemical parameters that indicate the water (sourced from springs) is of good quality:

Water Quality Parameters of Springs:
pH: 6.29-8.18
Temp: 19.0-23.5 ºC
Electrical Conductivity: 109-504 µmsiemens
Total Dissolved Solids: 75-385 ppm

Other Parameters (from springs of nearby district, Champawat)
Electrical Conductivity: 127-222 µmsiemens
pH: 7.69-8.24
Calcium: 16-36 mg/l
Magnesium: 4.9-7.3 mg/l
Bicarbonate: 61-134 mg/l
Chloride: 5.3- 8.9 mg/l
Total Hardness as CaCO3: 70-110 mg/l

Source: Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board, 2009 Groundwater Brochure of Champawat District (2009)

5.5 Biodiversidade

Diversidade de espécies:
  • Médio
Diversidade de habitat:
  • Médio
Comentários e outras especificações sobre biodiversidade:

Uttarakhand has more than 7000 species of medicinal plants and 500 species of fauna. Floral diversity contributes 31% of total floral density of India. Fauna contributes just 1.58% of the total faunal density of the country. There are 119 endemic species of flowering plants in the state that exhibited 2.35% endemism and 35 faunal endemic species. Because it lies at the juncture of India, Nepal and the Tibeten Autononmous region, there often cases of poaching and smuggling of wildlife contrabands, including bear bile, musk pods and leopard skins through the borders. Yarsa Gumba Ophiocordyceps sinensis, commonly known as Caterpillar Fungus, is also illegally traded transboundary in the region, together with various plant species. Due to anthropogenic impacts, changes is soil quality, and climatic elements, the biodiversity of our study site is not as high as in other areas of the Pithoragarh district.

Citation: Sundriyal, M. & Sharma, B. (2016). Status of Biodiversity in Central Himalaya, Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 4( 2), 37-43.

5.6 Características dos usuários da terra que utilizam a tecnologia

Sedentário ou nômade:
  • Sedentário
Orientação de mercado do sistema de produção:
  • Subsistência (autoabastecimento)
  • misto (subsistência/comercial)
Rendimento não agrícola:
  • 10-50% de toda renda
Nível relativo de riqueza:
  • Pobre
Indivíduos ou grupos:
  • Grupos/comunidade
Nível de mecanização:
  • Trabalho manual
Gênero:
  • Mulheres
  • Homens
Idade dos usuários da terra:
  • Jovens
  • meia-idade
  • idosos
Indique outras características relevantes dos usuários da terra:

With recent development in Pithoragarh, an influx of funds coming from outside sources has caused a decline in the importance of agriculture production, which in now marginalized, based on female labour, and mainly conducted for subsistence with little surplus to sell. High caste men do not work in cultivation at all, and male tasks such as ploughing are performed by the Scheduled Caste.

Although most women are still cultivating, their work has lost economic importance. For most families, the produce does not cover the needs of the household and surplus must be bought from the market. Many of the terraces that were formerly fruit orchards (mainly citrus) have been completely abandoned. Farming is less intensive and landholdings are small and fragmented. The main crops are wheat, millet, and pulses, but yields are low as the land is not irrigated. Less livestock (cows, goats, buffalo) is kept because of the labor involved. Very little capital is returned to farming. Crops produced for the markets in the plains are replacing traditional crops to sustain the household.

With exposure to the“Modern” lifestyle, new values have also been accepted. Two children are the norm (the ideal being one son and one daughter, but at least one son in a must). Although access to education is quite good, it does not seem to result in working careers for women. The women, both young and old, spend their days with domestic and agriculture work. Several village persons stated that it would be best to educate their daughters so they could get a government job.

5.7 Área média de terrenos utilizados pelos usuários de terrenos que aplicam a Tecnologia

  • < 0,5 ha
  • 0,5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1.000 ha
  • 1.000-10.000 ha
  • > 10.000 ha
É considerado pequena, média ou grande escala (referente ao contexto local)?
  • Pequena escala

5.8 Propriedade de terra, direitos de uso da terra e de uso da água

Propriedade da terra:
  • Comunitário/rural
Direitos do uso da terra:
  • Comunitário (organizado)
Direitos do uso da água:
  • Acesso livre (não organizado)
  • Comunitário (organizado)
Os direitos de uso da terra são baseados em um sistema jurídico tradicional?

Sim

Especifique:

Under the Kumaun Panchayat forest rules of 1931 (amended in 1976): A Van Panchayat, (community forest council), can be formed out of non-private land within the settlement boundaries of a village. Accordingly, all villagers are members of the VP upon their approval by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate under the state Revenue Department. The members are collectively referred to as the general body, which selects the management committee members through a democratic process.

Comentários:

5-9 elected members assume control and regulation of forest resources. They additionally raise funds and mobilize the village to protect and support sustainable land use.

5.9 Acesso a serviços e infraestrutura

Saúde:
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Educação:
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Assistência técnica:
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Emprego (p. ex. não agrícola):
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Mercados:
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Energia:
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Vias e transporte:
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Água potável e saneamento:
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Serviços financeiros:
  • Pobre
  • Moderado
  • Bom
Comentários:

The situation of infrastructure is difficult and inconsistent in the hill regions because of the terrain. The major infrastructural issues are drinking water and irrigation facilities, electricity, transportation and communication facilities and social infrastructure (housing and education). As for financial services, only the State Bank of India (SBI) is active in the hill regions where it is trying to achieve the objective of 100% financial inclusion. Some villages mentioned buying into into agricultural insurance in the past, however this was a temporary enterprise and they were never compensated after extreme climatic events that occurred and damaged over 70% of their crop.

Though infrastructure and education has generally improved over the years, institutional and marketing networks in the region aimed at supporting hill-farmers are lacking.

6. Impactos e declarações finais

6.1 Impactos no local mostrados pela tecnologia

Impactos socioeconômicos

Produção

Qualidade da floresta/do bosque

diminuído
aumentado

Gestão de terra

Impedido
Simplificado
Comentários/especificar:

The check dams helped deter the damage from runoff to their settlements and conserved the forest trail that is commonly used to access the areas where fodder/grass collection is permitted.

Impactos socioculturais

Conhecimento de GST/ degradação da terra

Reduzido
Melhorado
Comentários/especificar:

People have seen the benefits of constructing these structures, and they continue to participate in maintaining and building more check dams to reduce erosion and increase groundwater recharge.

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo hídrico/escoamento

Quantidade de água

diminuído
aumentado

Colheita/recolhimento de água

Reduzido
Melhorado

Escoamento superficial

aumentado
diminuído

Drenagem de excesso de água

Reduzido
Melhorado

Lençol freático/aquífero

reduzido
Recarga

Evaporação

aumentado
diminuído
Solo

Umidade do solo

diminuído
aumentado

Cobertura do solo

Reduzido
Melhorado

Perda de solo

aumentado
diminuído

Acumulação de solo

diminuído
aumentado

Ressecamento/ selagem do solo

aumentado
Reduzido

Compactação do solo

aumentado
Reduzido

Ciclo e recarga de nutrientes

diminuído
aumentado
Biodiversidade: vegetação, animais

Cobertura vegetal

diminuído
aumentado

Biomassa/carbono acima do solo

diminuído
aumentado
Clima e redução de riscos de desastre

Deslizamentos de terra/fluxos de escombros

aumentado
diminuído

Impactos da seca

aumentado
diminuído

Impactos de ciclones, temporais

aumentado
diminuído

Risco de incêndio

aumentado
diminuído

Microclima

Agravado
Melhorado

6.2 Impactos externos mostrados pela tecnologia

Disponibilidade de água

diminuído
aumentado

Caudal confiável e estável em período seco

Reduzido
aumentado

Sedimentação a jusante

aumentado
diminuído

Capacidade de tamponamento/filtragem

Reduzido
Melhorado

Danos em áreas vizinhas

aumentado
Reduzido

Danos na infraestrutura pública/privada

aumentado
Reduzido

6.3 Exposição e sensibilidade da tecnologia às mudanças climáticas graduais e extremos/desastres relacionados ao clima (conforme o ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)

Mudança climática gradual

Mudança climática gradual
Estação do ano aumento ou diminuição Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temperatura anual aumento bem
Outras mudanças climáticas graduais Irregular rainfall aumento bem

Extremos (desastres) relacionados ao clima

Desastres meteorológicos
Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Temporal local bem
Desastres climatológicos
Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Seca bem
Incêndio florestal bem
Desastres hidrológicos
Como a tecnologia lida com isso?
Inundação súbita bem
Deslizamento de terra moderadamente
Comentários:

Some check dams and check walls are more durable than others. Depending on the site specific conditions, some do very well after incidences such as after an extreme rainstorm. However this depends on the design/structural soundness, the level of maintenance, and overall hydrological impact. For example, the large check walls in the ravine of Nakina have required immense reconstruction and have required significant effort to maintain, as they receive a huge amount of flow during monsoon each year. The size and slope of the gully are impactful determinants for how sensitive/enduring the structure is.

6.4 Análise do custo-benefício

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos de implantação (do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?
Retornos a curto prazo:

positivo

Retornos a longo prazo:

muito positivo

Como os benefícios se comparam aos custos recorrentes/de manutenção(do ponto de vista dos usuários da terra)?
Retornos a curto prazo:

positivo

Retornos a longo prazo:

positivo

Comentários:

Although maintenance can be troublesome and require lots of manual labor for repair, the long term benefits and avoided damage from monsoon runoff outweigh the costs/effort.

6.5 Adoção da tecnologia

  • > 50%
De todos aqueles que adotaram a Tecnologia, quantos o fizeram espontaneamente, ou seja, sem receber nenhum incentivo/ pagamento material?
  • 11-50%
Comentários:

In many cases, collective action is encountered at all stages for these technologies, from planning and construction, to demolition of temporary check-dams without any technical or financial backing from the state.

6.6 Adaptação

A tecnologia foi recentemente modificada para adaptar-se as condições variáveis?

Não

6.7 Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades da tecnologia

Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do usuário da terra
Decrease velocity of runoff and erosive processes to the landscape
Support recharge of groundwater/springshed recharge
Increase water availability for surrounding vegetation
Well constructed check dams function as permanent installations and require little maintenance
The technology is relatively inexpensive and easy to install
Pontos fortes/vantagens/oportunidades na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada
Views aligned with the land-user
There is potential for the village to construct more check dams and use the water for storage/irrigation purposes

6.8 Pontos fracos, desvantagens/riscos da tecnologia e formas de superá-los

Pontos fracos/desvantagens/riscos na visão do usuário da terra Como eles podem ser superados?
Removal and reconstruction can be costly for some types of check dams Give thorough attention to the criteria for the site selection to avoid the need for removal; stress the need for maintenance and structure check ups.
There can be turbulence downstream, causing erosion of the channel banks. Vegetative interventions can support these structures, so trees or shrubs can be planted around and in the spaces between check dams to further decrease runoff velocity, increase infiltration, and act as a shock absorber.
Pontos fracos/vantagens/riscos na visão do/a compilador/a ou de outra pessoa capacitada Como eles podem ser superados?
Aligned with the land user The government should consider providing appropriate incentives for constructing and managing check-dams, which enable more efficient use of water and also generate the positive externality of recharging ground water in surrounding areas.
Check dam construction, if not done by skilled labour, can fail. These situations often arise and become noticeable to the land users when check-dams located upstream are damaged and there is a rapid flow of water to check-dams located downstream. Special maintenance can be performed by designated people to monitor the status of check dams upstream
The large check dams have consistent issues and appear to require more reconstruction. These structures are located downstream and must bear more pressure. The reason for their damage could be inconsistency in repairing existing damage before monsoon. Construction cost is then increased, as additional cost is incurred in removing the accumulated silt and arranging new boulders. The land users should organize themselves more formally for check dam reconstruction is this area. Collectively generating the necessary capital and labor needed for timely reconstruction may be required from external sources like the Forest Department or JICA organization.

7. Referências e links

7.1 Métodos/fontes de informação

  • visitas de campo, pesquisas de campo

4

  • entrevistas com usuários de terras

2

Quando os dados foram compilados (no campo)?

26/06/2019

7.2 Referências às publicações disponíveis

Título, autor, ano, ISBN:

Evaluation of the effect of porous check dam location on fine sediment retention (a case study), A. M. Hassanli, A. Esmaeli Nameghi, S. Beecham, 2007.

Disponível de onde? Custos?

DOI 10.1007/s10661-008-0318-2

7.3 Links para informações on-line relevantes

Título/ descrição:

Mainstreaming Slope Stability Management

URL:

http://www.research4cap.org/Library/ScottWilson-LaoPDR-2009-Slopes+Theme8.5+6+Retaining+Wall+Design+PPT+E-SEACAP21-v111220.pdf

Título/ descrição:

Policy Brief: Spring Revival through Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in the Himalayan Foothills: Uttarakhand, North India. Author: Liniger HP, Bandy J, Year: 2020

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/en/projects-and-countries/projects/onsite-and-offsite-benefits-sustainable-land-management/india

Título/ descrição:

Video: SLM for Himalayan Spring Revival. Author: Liniger HP, Bandy J, Year: 2020

URL:

https://vimeo.com/429988881

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