1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - Tanzania, United Republic of

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Improvement of degraded rangeland in savannah using multiple rangeland improvement techniques that complement each other to optimize livestock production and productivity sustainably.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Multiple rangeland and pasture improvement techniques that combines water harvesting, rangeland reseeding and pasture establishment, livestock breeding management techniques to restore degraded rangeland in savannah with high livestock and optimize livestock production and productivity sustainably. These includes; 1. Chaco dam excavation for rain runoff harvesting mainly during the rainy season (February to April and August to December) mostly;(i).To ensure year round availability of water largely for watering livestock and partly for domestic and agriculture use especially during the main dry season when local sources (Ponds, springs or stream) are dry,(ii).To reduce soil erosion by water (lily or gully erosion, (iii).To reduce river bank erosion and silitation due direct watering of livestock in to Kagera river, (iii). To reduce the distance animal has to walk for watering and (iv) to reduce water use conflicts between herders and other land users. 2. Establishment of pasture demonstration plots where farmers are exposed to a basket choice (Low cost technique Vs high cost technique) of pasture and rangeland improvement technique either through ;( a). Tilling the land and broadcasting drought tolerant indigenous degenerated palatable pasture species of high nutritive value and, mainly (i).Grass; Cenchrus cliaris, Chloris gayana and (ii).Legumes; Centrocema puberse, Lablab purpureus, Mucuna Pluriens and Puperaria Phaseilides ) to a manured degraded rangeland; (b).i. Encouraging re-growth of proper pasture species in a degraded area to take place through clearing bushes, shrubs or trees ( leaving edible shrubs and few selected shed trees especially acacia spp which allow pasture re-growth underneath and provide shed against intense sun radiations to livestock especially during the main dry season- July to September); ii. Closing the degraded area by fencing using live indigenous trees or using wooden pole with or without barbed wire for 2 -3 years, removal of anthills and discouraging regeneration of unproductive invasive species and hence returning the rangeland to productivity;3. Genetical improvement of local cattle (Ankole or Zebu) through crossbreeding with introduced improved bull especially boran, Frisian or Mpwapwa bulls to allow farmers to keep few improved offspring of high production and productivity ;4.Farmer training on rangeland improvement and grazing management including hay making and how to estimate carrying capacity 5. Establishment of livestock markets directly on the rangeland to encourage off take and hence control stocking rate and increase carrying capacity.

Purpose:To contribute to the increase of herders’ standard of living through increased livestock production and productivity while conserving the environment

Estblishment activities:1. Community mobilization and formation of project management commetee with 10 members; 2. Identification of project sites; 3. Land clearing; 4. Establishment of pasture demonstration plots; 5. Excavation of chacodam and construction of watering troughs; 6. Fencing of individual owned land using wooden pole with barbed wire or live fencing using euphobia spp; 7. Farmer training on pasture establishment and controll of stocking rate; 8. Procurement of bulls (Boran or Mpwapwa) for cross breeding with ankole females; 9. Construction of livestock market
Maintanence Activities: 1. Repair of livestock infrastructures (Chacodam, watering troughs, livestock fence, livestock markets).

The technology is implemented in extensive grazing land under semi arid condition receiving 600 -1000mm of rains per year. A combination of rangeland improvement measures (Excavation of chacodam for rainwater runoff harvesting, pasture improvement and establishment techniques, fencing and breeding management through cross breeding local cow (Ankole/zebu) with Boran/Mpwapwa bulls) complement each other to restore degraded rangeland and increase livestock production and productivity in savannah. The slope is gentle to moderate; soil depth is shallow and soil texture clay. Heavy tools (Bulldozer) to Simple hand tools are traditional used. Bulldozers are used during chacodam excavation and bush clearing by well-off herder will small hand tools such as hand hoe, bush knife and spade are used smallholder herders for excavation of water pond and construction of indigenous livestock watering points. Land ownership is Communal/village, individual titled and individual not titled. Water use rights is open access (unorganized), communal (organized). Application of this technology determined by high establishment costs.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Livestock density (if relevant):

> 100 LU /km2

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Major land use problem without conservation includes, overgrazing, soil erosion, siltation of water bodies (Kagera River) and loss of paratable pasture spp.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of pasture and water for livestock

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Comments:

Grazing land: Extensive grazing land

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Number of growing seasons per year:

2

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• pastoralism and grazing land management

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Type of agronomic measures: legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues
Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Overgrazing due overstocking due to illegal migration on livestock), change in temperature (increased average temperature from 20.9o to 21.5oC in the past 20 years), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (decreased average annual rainfall from 1000mm to 870mm in the past 20 years), droughts, land tenure (Lack of village land use plan), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …)
Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Uncontrolled bush fire set purposely to remove overgrown bushes), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff), change of seasonal rainfall, population pressure (In migration of people from neighbourig districts and countries), education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Tanzanian Shilling

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

2186.41

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Procurement of 6 Boran/Mpwapwa bulls
2.	Transportation of bulls from Dodoma
3.	Vaccination against East Cost fever (ECF)
4.	Fencing	Procument Barbed wire
5.	Excavation of water chaco dam	During the dry season
6.	Fence construction	During the dry season
7.	Construction of livestock market
8.	Land preparation	Eary June to september
9.	Manure application	Mid september to early november
10.	Planting	Early octobar

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	labour	ha	1.0	810.93	810.93
Equipment	tools	ha	1.0	34.0	34.0
Plant material	seeds	ha	1.0	1204.0	1204.0
Fertilizers and biocides	compost/manure	ha	1.0	274.42	274.42	20.0
Construction material	Chacodam Excavation	ha	1.0	16007.0	16007.0	20.0
Construction material	Const livestock makert	ha	1.0	12577.0	12577.0	20.0
Other	Procument of 6 bulls	ha	1.0	548.84	548.84	20.0
Other	Vaccination	ha	1.0	54.88	54.88
Other	Fencing	ha	1.0	1957.7	1957.7
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					33468.77
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					15.31

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Repair of the fence	Once per year
2.	Weeding and bush thinning	0nce per year
3.	Construction of fire break	Once per year
4.	Harvesting pasture seeds	Once per year

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	labour	ha	1.0	205.34	205.34	20.0
Equipment	tools	ha	1.0	34.0	34.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					239.34
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					0.11

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Hand hoe, bush knife, Bulldozer, handhooe, spade, truck, Hand hoe, hamer, nails, woods

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Excavation of chacodam, fencing and procurement of breeding bulls

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
5% of the land users are very rich and own 50% of the land.
35% of the land users are rich and own 25% of the land.
55% of the land users are average wealthy and own 10% of the land.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village
• individual, not titled

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Comments:

Construction of chaco dam for water harvesting during the wet season to be used during the dry season, planting drought tolerant pasture sp

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Comments:

50 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Increased livestock production(Milk and Meat)
Increased farm income

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Increased water availability for livestock and domestic use
Increased pasture availability for livestock
Increased conservation knowledge
Increased livestock production and productivity

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
High fire risk	Strengthener fire control bylaw, control burning and use of fire break

7.1 Methods/ sources of information