1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development of Kenya (MoA) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

21/04/2003

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Water harvest for agricultural production in Asals

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Water harvest enhances extra moisture and reduces risk of crop failure. It can either be external or internal. The activities also reduce runoff/overland flow and soil loss.
Manure and fertilizer improve soil water holding capacity and soil properties.
Appropriate tillage for improvement of infiltration rate of the soil.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

ministry of agriculture and rural development, soil and water conservation branch Nairobi, Kenya

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Topsoil losses, creation of hardban, soil surface crusting and fertility decline are major problems in areas without SWC.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Yield decline and poor quality produce are problems in areas without SWC.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: mixed land use type

Mixed: (eg agro-pastoralism, silvo-pastoralism): practiced by few

Other grazingland: semi-intensive grazing: semi-intensive grazing

Grazingland comments: Area closure can not be substituted, stall feeding materials not available. The family leader owns the stock but could fail to meet family needs if the system is not commercialized.

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: fuelwood purpose

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: for agricultural production

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Some uncontrolled grazing/browsing rather critical tp forest establoshment. Gapping can last long due to rainfall long intervals

Forest products and services: fuelwood, fruits and nuts

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: maize as major crop, followed by tubbers and legumes.

Type of grazing system comments: Area closure can not be substituted, stall feeding materials not available. The family leader owns the stock but could fail to meet family needs if the system is not commercialized.

Constraints of astructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines): roadside runoff enhances runoff Farming. Isolated trees preserved by traders in Mkt-centres

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 106 Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Jun Second longest growing period in days: 71 Second longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Dec

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 集水

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 45 m2.

Target-area 485 km^2 inhabited by 6550 farm families and population dynamic 46075.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: relay cropping, manure / compost / residues, breaking compacted topsoil

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, scattered / dispersed, in blocks

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Pk: sealing and crusting

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

technical drawing catchment to cultural area ratio: 3:1 - 5:1 Horizontal interval constant

Makueni district

Date: 22.11.2002

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase in soil fertility

Relay cropping
Material/ species: improved mango trees
Quantity/ density: 124
Remarks: 9 m^2

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: FYM/compost
Quantity/ density: 12.5 t/ha

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: appropriate tillage

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.6x0.3
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 15
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 40

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 124
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 9
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 9x9
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 9

Trees/ shrubs species: Cacia scamea, Accacia albida

Fruit trees / shrubs species: mango, citrus, pawpaw

Grass species: ceuchrus cuharis, erayroster superba

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 0.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.20%

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.2
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.45
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.2
Spacing between structures (m): 15
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.45

Construction material (earth): earth moving for SWC embankment construction

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0.2%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: stock holding capacity of land

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	grass planting on embankments	植物性的	after onset of rain
2.	fruits seedling transplanting	植物性的	october rain
3.	dispersed tree seedlings transplanting	植物性的	october rain
4.	retention/infiltration ditches	结构性的	after crop harvest
5.	Bench terraces	结构性的	after crop harvest
6.	external water harvest channels	结构性的	before raining season
7.	structure stabilization	结构性的	onset of rain
8.	manure/fertilizer application	结构性的	after crop harvest
9.	Bush clearing	管理	after grazing
10.	reseeding/grass planting in bare parches	管理	dry season
11.	fodder establishment	管理	rainy season
12.	removal of unwanted shrubs	管理	following rotational sequence

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	296.0	296.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	32.5	32.5	100.0
设备	Animal traction	ha	1.0	72.3	72.3	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	385.0	385.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	76.3	76.3	100.0
植物材料	Seedligs	ha	1.0	79.5	79.5	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	58.0	58.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biocides	ha	1.0	47.4	47.4	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost/manure	ha	1.0	78.0	78.0	100.0
施工材料	Stone	ha	1.0	244.0	244.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					1369.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	tillaging	农业学的	before rain / annually
2.	tillaging	农业学的	on set / seasonally
3.	manure application	农业学的	dry season / annually
4.	grass cutting and gapping	植物性的	onset of rain /twice per season
5.	prunning and trimming	植物性的	after every harvest /annual
6.	pollading and copsing	植物性的	when intended /after several years
7.	retention/infiltration	结构性的	before onset of rain/seasonally
8.	ditch cleaning	结构性的	before onset of rain/anually
9.	Bench terraces repairing	结构性的	before onset of rain/when necessary
10.	Water channel cleaning/repairing	结构性的	dry period/seasonally
11.	grass cutting for stall feedinf	管理	rainy season / at maturity stage
12.	gapping	管理	rainy season / seasonally

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	98.0	98.0	100.0
设备	Animal traction	ha	1.0	72.3	72.3	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	67.3	67.3	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	55.7	55.7	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	44.2	44.2	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biocides	ha	1.0	21.5	21.5	100.0
施工材料	Earth	ha	1.0	244.0	244.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					603.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: oxplough, oxcart, hoe, sprayer, shovel, wheelbarrow

The above costs were calculated in cost per qm

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Factors affecting the costs include hard ground at SWC peak period, labour, slope, catchment area, channel size and source of income

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: about 1000 m a.s.l. average

Landforms: Footslopes 8-16% slope and valley floors 2-8% slope

Slopes on average: Moderate = 6.5 % and rolling = 12 %

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: shallow = 35 cm average and moderately deep = 65 cm average

Soil texture: Coarse/light = degradable/erodable and medium is common in the division

Soil fertility is medium in newly opened lands but fertility depletes quickly and is therefore also low.

Topsoil organic matter is medium on newly opened land and low after several years of cultivation.

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium with regular improvement, but there is also top soil crusting and therefore drainage becomes poor,

Soil water storage capacity is low during long duration of rainfall intervals and medium (effectiveness not realistic).

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

20% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land (prestige).
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land (improved living standard).
25% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land (for subsistance).

Off-farm income specification: Most of youth seek for off-farm employment. Others due to lack of employment engage on trading as small holders.

Level of mechanization: Around 75 % use animal traction and manual labour is especially used for weeding

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

630 household covered an area of 9%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

630 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Pressure on daily personal needs. No other sources of income yet the rainfall is not reliable in ASALS.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
induces the technique of implementation How can they be sustained / enhanced? land users be aquidance with the technology and its importance.
land users acquires more grass for stall feeding. How can they be sustained / enhanced? introduction of intensive grazing system.
reduces floods of heavy storms downsteram. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper tillage to curb soil crusting and hardban.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
water harvest increases farm production and reduces risks of crop failure. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To stabilize SWC structure embankments, desilt channels and retention ditches.
Improvement in infiltration rate and moisture holding capacity. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Use of manure, organic matter, inorganic fertlizer and appropriate tillage.
Reduces soil, fertility, runoff and overland flow losses How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maximum adaptability of the SWC technology to ustain high production level.
Enhanced vegetative cover for moisture retention. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Intercropping, mulching and repairing where needed.
Reduces erosion by wind and other land degradation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Appropriate stocking rate andd replanting trees and grass.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
consumes a lot of time to implement the technology	the land user awareness of the importance of the activity.
Technology area resists a direct grazing	to mitiate stall feeding
the technology design is beyond the farmers knowledge.	continuous interaction with SWC specialists.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Land area reduced by SWC structures constructed.	Use of certified seeds, manure and fertilizer.
soil fertility is interfered with.	more manure and organic matter use.
High labour cost requirement to implement the technology.	Introduced source of smooth loan and policy for ASALS.
Risk of water logging where soil drainage is unaimable.	acquired knowledge of different soil types and applicable technology and system.
cost-benefit return can last long to be realized.	to maintain record for both, implementing cost and income from the given area (SWC area)

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

SWC manual for Kenya by D:B: Thomas. 1997.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Mard Kenya, free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

SWC technology Dev. in ASAL by Kithinji Mutunga

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

SWC branch, free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

SC in Kenya, Carl G.Wenner. 1984.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Aici, free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

ony superb DXE-180 video

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Mard Kenya, free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

The sun will still rise

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Mard Kenya, free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Run off a friend or a foe

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Mard Kenya, free