1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Kiwi fruit cultivation on sloping land in the mid-hill areas of Nepal can help prevent soil erosion and is a sustainable land management practice. This high value crop introduces biodiversity and improves livelihoods by providing a source of cash income.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The kiwi fruit is native to China. Previously called Chinese gooseberry, it is now more commonly known by its marketing name of kiwi fruit. Kiwi fruits grow on large vines that are similar to grapevines in their general growth and fruiting habits as well as their training and trellising requirements. The fruit normally ripens within 25 weeks after the flowers first appear. The fruits range in weight from 40 to 90 g and can be picked shortly after the first frost in autumn; after that, they can be kept in cold storage for 4–6 months at oC. Kiwi vines can be grown on a wide range of soil types at elevations ranging from 1000 m to 2500 m. The kiwi plant is dioecious, meaning individual plants are either male or female. Only female plants bear fruit, but only when pollinated by a male plant. Vines of both sexes are essential for fruit production, and they must flower at the same time to ensure pollination. One male pollinator vine is required for eight female vines. The vines are commonly supported on sturdy structures strong enough to bear the heavy fruit, which might otherwise break the rather weak vines. T-bars or hitching post trellises are recommended to support the large fruiting area in the form of a canopy and provide easy access to the fruit.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Seedlings can be planted in the spring as soon as there is little chance of frost. Vines need to be pruned both in summer and in winter to maintain a balance between kiwi plant growth and profitable fruit production. Excessive plant growth is removed during the growing season to keep the kiwi canopy open and to remove non-fruiting wood. Harvesting can begin from the end of November. Frequent weeding is required to reduce competition for moisture and fertilizer. Kiwi fruit requires abundant water; during the dry season the newly planted kiwi vines need deep watering once a week.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

• 多年一作（非木材）
• 乔木与灌木的种植

多年生（非木质）作物 - 指定作物:

• 浆果类

• kiwi

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): When sloping land is not used for agricultural production and not planted with ground cover or other vegetation (such as contour hedgerows), the fertile soil can be eroded and washed away by heavy monsoon rains.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

• V1：乔木和灌木覆盖层

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

• Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀

化学性土壤退化

• Cn：肥力下降和有机质含量下降（非侵蚀所致）

注释:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Above: Layout of a kiwi orchard. The ideal density of kiwi plants in an orchard is 300 per ha, or in terms of the units of measure commonly used in Nepal, 15 plants per ropani. The plants are spaced 6 m apart and the distance between the rows is 5 m, with a male to female plant ratio of 1:8.
Below: T-bars are used as trellis supports for the kiwi vines. The T-bars are 2.5–3 m long iron posts that are anchored into the ground; they extend approximately 1.8 m above the ground and 60–70 cm deep into the soil. The arms of the T-bar extend 1–1.2 m. The bars are spaced approximately 4.5 m apart with galvanized wire strung between them and pulled taught to form the trellis itself. The end posts are braced by 4–5 wires that are secured into the ground (as shown).
The kiwi plants should be at least
0.6 m away from the T-bars. The centre wire supports the main cordons, and the outer wires support the fruiting lateral parts.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of biomass (quantity), Reduce soil erosion

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle

作者:

AK Thaku

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The above establishment cost is for a plantation of 300 plants on one hectare; the recurrent annual maintenance cost has been calculated for a plantation of 300 plants per ha per year. All costs are estimated based on experience gained at the ICIMOD Knowledge Park at Godavari.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated): Also for agricultural use (irrigation)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

695 species of flora and 230 species of fauna have been documented within the Knowledge Park's 30 ha area

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

水资源可用性和质量

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

气候灾害

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

注释:

A net canopy can be used to protect the vines from hail storms and help prevent fruit from dropping prematurely

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The approximate annual income from kiwi production is USD 11,765/ha/year. The technology provides on-farm employment opportunities for both men and women.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

注释:

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Kiwi fruit is gaining in popularity in Nepal; at present it is cultivated commercially by farmers in Kavre, Lalitpur, Dolakha, and Ilam Districts as well as in the Kathmandu Valley. The technology is widely accepted. Kiwi saplings were initially supplied by ICIMOD and by a private nursery in Kavre District.

Driver for adoption:
• Increased market demand for kiwi fruit
• A good alternative for sloping land management
• Kiwi cultivation is a source of income generation
Constraints
• It has been difficult to meet the high demand for kiwi seedlings. The scarcity of seedlings is the main bottleneck limiting the uptake of kiwi production.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Kiwi fruit production guide. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States: Alabama University, Himelrick, DG; Powell, A (1998)

URL:

http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1084/ANR-1084.pdf