1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Southern African Science Service Centre for climate change and Adaptive Land management (SASSCAL)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Namibia University of Science and Technology ( NUST) - 纳米比亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Conservation Agriculture Namibia (Conservation Agriculture Namibia) - 纳米比亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Daily combining of livestock from all households into a single herd to be driven to different designated portions of the communal grazing area. Grass can then recover by replenishing its reserves before being re-grazed some months later.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This technology is currently being applied in communal areas as well as commercial farms of Namibia. It is particularly effective in areas with no fences, and areas with high incidence of stock theft and predator losses. The technology aims to replace continuous, open grazing with a planned system. This gives grass a chance to recover in the growing season, and prepares the soil and grass for the forthcoming rainy season. In addition, fixed stocking rates based on carrying capacities are replaced by flexible stocking rates which track availability of forage. Two grazing plans are developed for one year; one when perennial grasses are growing and the other when they are dormant. Grazing plans may change, depending on the season and unanticipated events such as fire. A grazing plan is put in place for the growing season, that ensures plants are not re-grazed before they have recovered their root reserves. It is targeted at good animal performance . In the non-growing season, animal numbers are adjusted to ensure that there is sufficient grass to last until the next rains .
The grazing plans must take into account all factors that affect livestock performance as well as capacity of the livestock owner . These factors include occurrence of the first rains, presence of natural water pans, current and projected animal performance, availability of good quality forage for cows prior to bulling, avoiding poisonous plants, and timing of vaccinations, etc. Once the plan has been developed, the animals are moved by herders using low stress handling techniques to various parts of the farm or communal grazing area, according to the plan. Strategic moving of livestock by herding enables fire breaks to be created by deliberate over trampling. Each night the livestock are brought back to a kraal ( Afrikaans for corral) where they are kept overnight. Watering of livestock can take place in the kraal at night, in the morning, or alternatively in the field depending on water availability. This process is repeated day after day by the herders.
At the end of each growing season, the amount of forage available to the current herd is estimated. Animal numbers are adjusted to make sure that there is still sufficient forage to support them before the rains – and to leave enough ground cover to feed the soil organisms and protect the soil from erosion. Deciding when the forage produced will run out needs to be done using a method that livestock owners relate to. Livestock owners may decide to meet and reach consensus on this based on their knowledge and past experience of the effectiveness of rainfall. If it is decided that there is sufficient food to see the animals through until the next rains, then livestock owners will be satisfied; if there is excess forage they may be able to re-stock. If, however, a forage shortage is expected then de-stocking is required: the severity of the forage shortage determines how many livestock can be carried on the land during the off-season. Again, livestock owners can reach consensus on this. Deciding whose animals to sell and how many is always a thorny issue, so livestock owners will always move excess livestock to other areas if possible, or alternatively sell unproductive animals.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2004

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Community projects facilitated by NGO "Conservation Agriculture Namibia".

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 降低灾害风险
• 减缓气候变化及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

• Reduce human-wildlife conflict

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Main animal species and products: Livestock, increased forage production, improved animal performance.

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Livestock density: Livestock density is high as a result of herding, but stocking rate varies.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The technology does not involve a change in land use. The grazing plan means that livestock will only be on a particular piece of land twice in any given year (once in the growing season and once in the non growing season). The animal density is however high, leading to increased impact for a very short period.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

The control of over-trampling which otherwise leads to rill and gulley erosion.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Land is severely degraded but can be restored by change in management.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Three meetings for mobilisation of communities	Month 1
2.	Exchange visit to local livestock owners using this practise	Month 4
3.	Assess water infrastructure, site and drill and install additional water point	Month 6
4.	Grazing planning meeting with stakeholders	After adequate grass growth to enable planned grazing
5.	Appoint, equip and train herders	After 4
6.	Planning meeting and determination of starting date	After 5
7.	Build overnight kraals at new water points	When needed
8.	Build temporary kraals for improved grass growth	When needed

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Six herders (four on duty per day) for 400 cattle	Month	6.0	77.0	462.0	100.0
劳动力	One manager	Month	1.0	115.0	115.0	100.0
设备	Overalls, boots and hat that may need replacement after one year	Set	7.0	100.0	700.0	100.0
施工材料	Housing for herders built from mud and dung	Shelter	3.0	100.0	300.0	100.0
其它	Laminated grazing chart and map per year	Document	2.0	10.0	20.0
技术建立所需总成本					1597.0
技术建立总成本，美元					1597.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Grazing maps and charts prodcuded by CAN (support NGO), but will be taken over soon by farmers.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Daily herding, watering of livestock and health checks and treatment	Daily
2.	Maintenance of kraals and water points	Quartery

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Six herders (four on duty per day) for 400 cattle	Month	6.0	77.0	462.0	100.0
劳动力	One manager	Month	1.0	115.0	115.0	100.0
设备	Overalls, boots and hat, replaced annually	Set	7.0	100.0	700.0	100.0
施工材料	Maintenance of clay and dung housing for herders	Shelters	3.0	100.0	300.0	100.0
其它	Diesel for pumping water per month	Litres	100.0	1.0	100.0	100.0
其它	Laminated grazing chart and map per year	Documents	2.0	10.0	20.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1697.0
技术维护总成本，美元					1697.0

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Appreciation by land users that investment in herders will pay back, especially from the second year onwards.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

In dry years all livestock may move to another cattle post. But they return to the sedentary site as their main grazing area. A significant number of land users take up employment in the nearest town.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

Land is communal and organised but no rights to enforce management are yet in place through formal structures.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雷暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度
陆地火灾	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The ability to bring back perennial grasses into the system allows higher stocking rates, less drought risk and better quality animals, therefore higher income over time and consequently a better cost-benefit analysis.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

20,000 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

This is a key issue undergoing lobbying of government and the communal farmers union to establish through a consultative process legislation that enables grazing plans to be enforced from within and from outside. This is lacking at the moment.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

Adaptive management

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Addition of erosion control and overnight kraaling to assist with gully control. Refining re-planning in response to monitored results that deviate from aims.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
It is cost-effective; genuine improvement is seen in grass production, while livestock losses to predators are significantly reduced.
For absentee owners they can leave a manager and herders in place to get on with the work and this can be easily evaluated after time since animals wondering around leave evidence.
Livestock are better cared for than they used to be, and a sense of community has been restored.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This is a viable and upscaleable technology for both communal and commercial farmland in Namibia and beyond.
It addresses the root cause of livestock related degradation and on a larger scale could have a significant impact on mitigating climate change if all the degraded rangelands of the dry climates of the world were restored by using the principles embodied in this approach – one which has been adopted in the National Rangeland Management Policy and Strategy. Moreover it can improve the quality of lives of millions of people who live in areas where livestock is the only viable land use.
This is a true “triple bottom line” technology that improves the resource base whilst increasing profits and enables improved quality of life for residents.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Herders are difficult to find, train and keep.	National level vocational training of herders is required.
Water infrastructure tends to result in overtrampling of the same routes.	The Directorate of Rural Water Supply should change its water specifications to include the provision of water for livestock – which can be cheap and effective.
Grass poaching takes place by neighbours and the majority will of people in an area is sometimes overrun by a small minority.	Farmers Unions must address these issues and get enforceable mechanisms in place for improved rangeland management.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
There is insufficient national buy-in from line ministries in terms of implementation to address many of the issues that have been raised.	Line ministries should support implementation to address these problems. Joint implementation, joint review and adaptation by government, unions, livestock owners and support providers will assist in solving many issues for resource-base improvement.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Holistic mangement, Savory, A. & Butterfield, J., 1991

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Island Press

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Volkmann, W. (2011). Community based rangeland and livestock management. Windhoek: GOPA-CBRLM.

URL:

https://rmportal.net/groups/cbrlm/cbrlm-for-review/namibia-community-based-rangeland-livestock-management-cbrlm-2nd-edition/view