1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Onsite and Offsite Benefits of SLM

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development (G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development) - 印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A rubble stone wall demarcates the community forest of Nakina Village and acts as a protective barrier against wildfire, wildlife, grazing, and human encroachment. The stone wall fencing is complemented by a firebreak, which is a gap of 2 meters. Firebreak establishment requires the removal of pine needles and debris from the border of the wall, so as to reduce the fuel load and possibility of fire spreading to the community forest.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

1. The technology has applied in the natural environment (Nakina Van Panchayat)
2. Characteristics of the technology:-
It is a dry stone wall in the community forest.
The wall (3.15km, 1m height, 80 cm width) is 40 years old and is being regularly maintained. The community is currently extending it to 4km.
3. Purpose and function of the technology:-
To protect the forest from forest fires.
To protect the fodder grasses from grazing animals
To protect the community forest from encroachment
To make a margin between two community forests.
4. Major activities and inputs needed to establish and maintain the technology:
Obtaining funding and external support to make the stone wall from other agencies (JICA, Forest Department)
The Forest department and Nakina Van Panchayat were the implementing agencies, and received approval from the District Magistrate to build the wall.
Nakina Van Panchayat organized the community people to construct the wall, paying each person 400 INR ($5.20 USD) a day for their work.
The community pooled their own construction materials and rocks were gathered on site.

5. Benefits and impacts of the Technology:
-Helps to protect forest fires from spreading to the Nakina community forest (physical barrier)
-Protect the fodder grasses from grazing animals
-Avoid conflict between two community forests and deter outsiders from crossing the wall

6. Impacts of the technology:
The wall is successful in protecting the forest from wildfire and it inhibits wildlife/livestock movements or passage.
The people of Nakina village are restricted to a particular area to collect fodder and forest products, which helps them regulate and realize their specific resource demands. This helps them avoid overexploitation of forest resources and set limits.

People views about the technology:-
Like: People are very positive about this technology and they believe that extending its length from 3.15km to 4km will further benefit the forest.
Dislike: The aesthetic of the forest is slightly compromised due to the construction wall.
During construction period, the people realized that some noise pollution from breaking stones could have disturbed neighbors grazing their livestock or other wildlife

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

The wall is about 40 years old. It is common to separate community forests through stone fencing in well-managed Van Panchayat administrations. A stonewall fence is the ideal choice in hilly areas where stones are generally available and local people are able to make it themselves.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 林牧业

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 林牧业

注释:

Before the Van Panchayat was established (1952), there was grazing in the forest. Additionally, before the wall was constructed (1979), there was encroachment of livestock belonging to other villagers in the Nakina forest.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Soil erosion by water: The wall supports the forest and protected, diverse understory. Thereby, it supports infiltration, decreases runoff and its corresponding damages.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

INR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

70.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Agreement between Nakina Van Panchayat, JICA and Forest Department for project implementation	Winter
2.	Wall Preparation: Site demarcation, clearing of brush, vegetation, collection of stones	Winter
3.	Random rubble stones of all shapes and sizes are chiseled; inconvenient edges are chipped off	Winter
4.	Stones are piled on top of one another without mortar, and laid in irregular horizontal courses.	Winter
5.	Regular monitoring by administrative committee on the construction site	Year round
6.	Clearing dry pine needles around the dry stone (2m on each side of the wall) annually in the dry season.	April/May

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Unskilled, semi-skilled work (community)	person/day	4200.0	400.0	1680000.0	100.0
劳动力	Skilled (technical experts, trained construction workers)	person/day	50.0	2000.0	100000.0	100.0
设备	Pick	pieces	15.0	300.0	4500.0	100.0
设备	shovel	pieces	20.0	500.0	10000.0	100.0
设备	pharuwa (hoe)	pieces	15.0	300.0	4500.0	100.0
设备	khanti (digging bar)	pieces	10.0	1500.0	15000.0	100.0
设备	hammer (5kg)	pieces	10.0	2000.0	20000.0	100.0
设备	chino (chisel)	pieces	10.0	500.0	5000.0	100.0
设备	Khukuri (knife)	pieces	10.0	250.0	2500.0	100.0
设备	Small hammer (0.5-1kg)	pieces	15.0	300.0	4500.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					1846000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					26371.43

注释:

Calculation for Labor: 0.75m/person/day
Hired Labor/Day: 30 people
Total Wall Construction/Day: 22.5m/day

Time: 3.15 km (3,150m) / 22.5 = 140 days (~ 5month)

Unit = 4200 (140x 30 people)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Maintaining small damages to wall structure	Year-round
2.	Emergency tending to large sites of damage	Monsoon
3.	Frequent visitations during the dry season/fire season	Pre monsoon
4.	Firebreak establishment: clearing of pine needs 2m on each side of the wall	Peak Dry season

注释:

The local people establish a firebreak (2m pine needle/brush clearance) from both sides of the wall. The labor cost is taken up by the community, which is a voluntary action.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Unskilled/semiskilled	person-days	100.0	400.0	40000.0	100.0
劳动力	Skilled	person-days	10.0	2000.0	20000.0	100.0
设备	Picks	pieces	10.0	300.0	3000.0	100.0
设备	Shovel	pieces	10.0	500.0	5000.0	100.0
设备	pharuwa (hoe)	pieces	7.0	300.0	2100.0	100.0
设备	khanti (digging bar)	pieces	7.0	1500.0	10500.0	100.0
设备	hammer	pieces	5.0	2000.0	10000.0	100.0
设备	chino (chisel)	pieces	9.0	500.0	4500.0	100.0
设备	khukuri (knife)	pieces	5.0	250.0	1250.0	100.0
设备	small hammer	pieces	15.0	300.0	4500.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					100850.0
技术维护总成本，美元					1440.71

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Uttarakhand Forest Department, JICA

注释:

The costs of extending the wall to 4km are included in the maintenance costs. "Unskilled laborers" or villagers are payed by the communal funds contributed to the Nakina Van Panchayat.
There is however some remaining financial support from JICA/Uttarakhand Forest Department to maintain the wall (e.g. money to cover the replacement of broken or stolen tools) and technical engineer who comes for periodic checks on the construction progress.

For the current wall extension, the land users are paid by the funds and colletive savings managed by the Nakina Van Panchayat.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labor availability, extent of structural damage to the wall

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Average Altitude of evaluated sites: 1990m
Average Slope: 28%

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Mountain/hill soils are a collective name given to various types of soils found under the following conditions :
-under sub-tropical, temperate and sub-alpine conditions
-under various forest types

Characteristics: very thin, fertile, and may be less than a centimeter deep on steep slopes; they are mixed with pebbles, shingles (a mass of small rounded pebbles), and gravels; they have a low-medium water holding capacity. Angular and subangular fragments of parent rock may be found mixed with the lower layers of the mountain and hill soils.

Texture: varies from loamy to sandy loam.
Soil Reaction: ranges from acidic to neutral (pH 4.6 to 6.5)
Organic Matter content: 1-5%

Ferrugenous red roils are found in this district and are well developed over Himalayan rocks (quartzite, biotite schist, amphibolite schist). They are free of carbonates and deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphorus, light textured, porous, and friable (brittle/crumbly). The soil depth ranges from about 10cm-75 cm. These soils may be grouped into two on basis of morphology

1. Red earths- loose, friable topsoil rich in secondary concretions (hard, compact mass of matter formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil)
2. Red loam- argillaceous soils having a blocky structure (argillaceous minerals may appear silvery upon optical reflection and are minerals containing substantial amounts of clay-like components, e.g. argillaceous limestones are limestones consisting predominantly of calcium carbonate, but including 10-40% of clay minerals)

Brown soil: is found particularly under dense broadleaved temperate and sub-alpine forests. There occurs a thick layer of humus on the forest floor (made of decomposed leaves, branches, twigs) and the topsoil is extremely rich in humus

Podsolic Soil: soil that has developed in humid/temperate conditions usually under coniferous forests (e.g. deodar, blue pine, fir, spruce) over quartzite, granites, schists and gneiss.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Quantity: Water crisis has been a perennial problem in both the rural and urban areas of the Pithoragarh district
There is scarcity of safe drinking water of the villages in the study area. Hand pumps are often not functioning, pipe-water schemes are unreliable and the spring discharges have reduced during the dry season. Hand-pumped water often has a high iron content and bitter taste. Poor quality of groundwater in some of the naulas is mainly due to misuse and/or disuse of the structures.

A block-district groundwater resource estimation could not be carried out as the area is hilly (with slope >20%) and in major part aquifers are small, isolated bodies, and groundwater abstraction is done mainly through hand pumps and springs with small discharges.

However, we collected some physicochemical parameters that indicate the water (sourced from springs) is of good quality:

Water Quality Parameters of Springs:
pH: 6.29-8.18
Temp: 19.0-23.5 ºC
Electrical Conductivity: 109-504 µmsiemens
Total Dissolved Solids: 75-385 ppm

Other Parameters (from springs of nearby district, Champawat)
Electrical Conductivity: 127-222 µmsiemens
pH: 7.69-8.24
Calcium: 16-36 mg/l
Magnesium: 4.9-7.3 mg/l
Bicarbonate: 61-134 mg/l
Chloride: 5.3- 8.9 mg/l
Total Hardness as CaCO3: 70-110 mg/l

Source: Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board, 2009 Groundwater Brochure of Champawat District (2009)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Uttarakhand has more than 7000 species of medicinal plants and 500 species of fauna. Floral diversity contributes 31% of total floral density of India. Fauna contributes just 1.58% of the total faunal density of the country. There are 119 endemic species of flowering plants in the state that exhibited 2.35% endemism and 35 faunal endemic species. Because it lies at the juncture of India, Nepal and the Tibeten Autononmous region, there often cases of poaching and smuggling of wildlife contrabands, including bear bile, musk pods and leopard skins through the borders. Yarsa Gumba Ophiocordyceps sinensis, commonly known as Caterpillar Fungus, is also illegally traded transboundary in the region, together with various plant species. Due to anthropogenic impacts, changes is soil quality, and climatic elements, the biodiversity of our study site is not as high as in other areas of the Pithoragarh district.

Citation: Sundriyal, M. & Sharma, B. (2016). Status of Biodiversity in Central Himalaya, Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 4( 2), 37-43.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

With recent development in Pithoragarh, an influx of funds coming from outside sources has caused a decline in the importance of agriculture production, which in now marginalized, based on female labour, and mainly conducted for subsistence with little surplus to sell. High caste men do not work in cultivation at all, and male tasks such as ploughing are performed by the Scheduled Caste.

Although most women are still cultivating, their work has lost economic importance. For most families, the produce does not cover the needs of the household and surplus must be bought from the market. Many of the terraces that were formerly fruit orchards (mainly citrus) have been completely abandoned. Farming is less intensive and landholdings are small and fragmented. The main crops are wheat, millet, and pulses, but yields are low as the land is not irrigated. Less livestock (cows, goats, buffalo) is kept because of the labor involved. Very little capital is returned to farming. Crops produced for the markets in the plains are replacing traditional crops to sustain the household.

With exposure to the“Modern” lifestyle, new values have also been accepted. Two children are the norm (the ideal being one son and one daughter, but at least one son in a must). Although access to education is quite good, it does not seem to result in working careers for women.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Under the Kumaun Panchayat forest rules of 1931 (amended in 1976): A Van Panchayat, (community forest council), can be formed out of non-private land within the settlement boundaries of a village. Accordingly, all villagers are members of the VP upon their approval by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate under the state Revenue Department. The members are collectively referred to as the general body, which selects the management committee members through a democratic process.

注释:

5-9 elected members assume control and regulation of forest resources. They additionally raise funds and mobilize the village to protect and support sustainable land use. Presently 12,089 Van Panchayats are entrusted with the management of over 5,449.64 km2 of forests.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

The situation of infrastructure is difficult and inconsistent in the hill regions because of the terrain. The major infrastructural issues are drinking water and irrigation facilities, electricity, transportation and communication facilities and social infrastructure (housing and education). As for financial services, only the State Bank of India (SBI) is active in the hill regions where it is trying to achieve the objective of 100% financial inclusion. Some villages mentioned buying into into agricultural insurance in the past, however this was a temporary enterprise and they were never compensated after extreme climatic events that occurred and damaged over 70% of their crop.

Though infrastructure and education has generally improved over the years, institutional and marketing networks in the region aimed at supporting hill-farmers are lacking.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The discharge of the Bhind Naula, Hess Dhara, and Vaishnavi Naula in Nakina Village has improved with the help of this water and soil conserving technology.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	非常好
其他渐变气候	Rainfall intensity	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雷暴	好
局地雹灾	适度

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好
森林火灾	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	适度
滑坡	不好

注释:

Although the wall is structurally sound in most sections, the impact of landslides and flash floods is often too great and significant damage results on areas were the slope is steep.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The work load is quite high for establishment and maintenance of the wall, especially when there is significant damage. Although upkeep can be demanding, the community sees the benefit of their efforts. This is especially recognized when the wall is secure from all sides and the firebreak is established before the fire season begins.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Building an extensive wall, providing necessary tools and giving compensation for the labor adds up to be an expensive endeavor. Though the community initiative to maintain the wall can be managed by the Van Panchayat, external funding is necessary for these villages in most cases.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The wall is being extended from 3.15 km long to 4 km. The reasoning behind this is that the community believes that it will help protect the forest at a greater scale from wildfire, as the frequency is increasing due to climate change, neglect of forest management and historical pine plantations.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Provides protection of the forest from forest fires and livestock grazing
More fuelwood and fodder is made available through this protective border
Because of determent from grazing and other intruders (human/wildlife), saplings and grasses are protected. This has improved the health of the forest, increased groundwater availability and improved spring recharge due to slowing surface runoff and better infiltration rates within the forest.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
In agreement with the landuser

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Height of the wall can be too short to act as an effective barrier for intense forest fires.	The lack of height can compromised by clearing the pine needles and creating a firebreak on both sides of the wall one additional meter. Placement of vegetation where dryer areas exist (or near grassy meadows) may also act as an effective biological barrier against the fires.
Parts of the wall on steep slopes often get damaged or destroyed	Avoid building the wall on steep slopes. If there are vulnerable areas, other reinforcement or alternative building technique maybe necessary. For example, building with the incline of the slope into the mountain side, so that the wall acts as more of a retaining structure.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The stone wall's function is only as good as its construction. Some parts of the wall appear to be built in a secure, durable manner whereas other parts could be easily perturbed by pressure or vibration.	Proper training on engineering a stable wall would benefit the technology and reduce maintenance. Perhaps an external technical person could supervise wall-restoration and make periodic checks. Emphasizing the importance of diligent work on construction can be encouraged and incentivized with a higher wage (e.g. 600 INR instead of 400).
Stone walls have inherent weaknesses against the lateral forces of earthquake. Poorly constructed walls having inadequate interlocking between the inside and the outside faces begin to separate, resulting in to rapid weakening of the wall.	Assure sure that the measures required to counter these weaknesses are taken during the construction so that in the event of a potentially destructive earthquake, the structure is able to withstand its impact without suffering much damage. It is best to build in areas that have firm soil or rock underneath the topsoil. Soft soils can amplify wall movement during an earthquake.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

A TUTORIAL: Improving the Seismic Performance of Stone Masonry Buildings, Jitendra Bothara, Svetlana Brzevm, 2011, ISBN: 978-1-932884-48-7

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.academia.edu/20998004/A_TUTORIAL_Improving_the_Seismic_Performance_of_Stone_Masonry_Buildings

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Technical Guidelines & Information for Stone Construction In Uttarakhand

URL:

https://www.sheltercluster.org/sites/default/files/docs/disaster_management_and_mitigation_centeruttarakhand-technical_guidelines_information_for_stone_construction_in_uttarakhand_part_i.pdf

标题/说明:

Policy Brief: Spring Revival through Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in the Himalayan Foothills: Uttarakhand, North India. Author: Liniger HP, Bandy J, Year: 2020

URL:

https://www.wocat.net/en/projects-and-countries/projects/onsite-and-offsite-benefits-sustainable-land-management/india

标题/说明:

Video: SLM for Himalayan Spring Revival. Author: Liniger HP, Bandy J, Year: 2020

URL:

https://vimeo.com/429988881