1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

European Interreg project FABulous Farmers

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) - 英国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Association des Chambres d’agriculture de l’Arc Atlantique (AC3A) - 法国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Use of different mixes of plant cover for livestock fodder which are simultaneously favourable for biodiversity by improving soil health, and reducing the need for agrochemicals.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Agriculture in Brittany, in the north-west of France, is known for fish, beef, pork, poultry, vegetables and milk. Cover crops are used by farmers of Mauron, and the example described here is from a farm located in Morbihan in the basin known as Ploërmel. In this warm temperate area the average annual rainfall is 650-700 mm with an annual temperature of around 11°C.
There are three types of cover crops included in the rotation. These are selected on the basis of their benefits in relation to soil fertility and fodder production, in order to improve the farm's food self-sufficiency. There are three basic types of cover crops, as follows.
1) “Protein mixes” are composed of 35% faba (broad) beans, 26% oats, 17.5% peas, 17.5% vetch, and 4% clover. These are sown in early October after grass or maize are made into silage at the end of April.
2) "Green manure" cover crops are sown at the beginning of September after cereals, and are composed of various complementary species with the main objective of preserving and strengthening soil life (i.e. worm abundance), and winter feeding of heifers. For example, the commercial "Biomax" mix contains seeds of broad bean, vetch, clover, phacelia and radish. These cover crops are enriched by the presence of approximately 50% ryegrass regrowth, supporting the development of soil life.
3) Rapeseed is sown after cereals as a crop rotation feedstock and are made into silage.
Cover crops are either broadcast and rolled, or direct seeded depending on the conditions of the post-harvest plots. The seed drill used is equipped with discs to minimise soil disturbance as a reduced tillage technique, but more important in this respect is the presence of crop residues (i.e. straw). The seed drill is also equipped with tines.
The cover crops are grazed by heifers in a rotational 2-day paddock set-up. After grazing and regrowth of the ryegrass present, the fields may be left to develop into pasture, or seeded to crops using a minimum tillage drill.
The purposes are:
•Improved production
•Countered land degradation
•Protected watersheds
•Preserved biodiversity
•Adaptation to climate change/extreme events
The benefits are:
•Sustained ecosystem health: no pest and disease problems, good herd health
•Enrichment of the soil by the addition of carbon in organic matter and by the work of earthworms - favouring ecosystem functioning
•Protection of the soil and surface biodiversity because of maintained plant cover
•Increased weed control due to plant canopies and fertilisation effect of green manure
•Planted cover crops used as livestock feed during winter
The challenges are:
•Potential difficulties in establishing plant cover (especially in dry areas)
•Late sowing of cover crops reduces beneficial effects
•High costs of seed mixtures with high protein cover crops

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2019

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

In order to make their production system evolve, farmers and their associates are eager for information. They do not hesitate to go and see what is happening elsewhere and to consult: training, visits, reading, internet, exchanges. The land user is a member of the BASE (Biodiversity Agriculture Soil and Environment) network and the Ecosystem association. Breeders do not hesitate to test new production practices on their farms.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农畜综合管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 病虫害综合管理（包括有机农业）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

€

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.9

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Soil preparation and subsequent sowing of rapeseed/rapeseed after harvest cereals	End of August
2.	Soil preparation and sowing of the Biomax mixture after harvest cereals	End of August
3.	Soil preparation and sowing of meslin after grassland or corn on the cob	End of October
4.	Rapeseed/rapeseed grazing and growing of green manure	December to March
5.	Meslin silage	April

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Direct seeding (compil)	ha	40.0	60.0	2400.0	100.0
设备	Broadcast sowing	ha	72.0	15.0	1080.0	100.0
设备	Roller spade before sowing (1 pass)	ha	72.0	23.0	1656.0	100.0
设备	Maceration by a roller with blades	ha	224.0	23.0	5152.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds - protein blend	ha	60.0	394.0	23640.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds - forage rapeseed	ha	17.0	28.0	476.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds - green manure "biomax" fertilizer	ha	18.0	60.0	1080.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					35484.0
技术建立总成本，美元					39426.67

注释:

Costs for seeds refer to purchased seed, if farm-saved seed, the cost is reduced

4.5 维护/经常性活动

注释:

No maintenance costs just time to rotationally graze livestock and poultry

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

No maintenance activities, future years would repeat establishment activities

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Direct sowing equipment, destruction with 2 passes of rolling spade, cost of purchasing "biomax" mixture

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The minimum and maximum altitudes in Mauron are 47 m and 130 m respectively.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The farm is located in the commune of Mauron in Morbihan and is in the geological zone of the Briovician shales.
It contains :
UCS n°4034 Brown soils gradually leached from the plains and plateaus from locally soft schist sandstone.
UCS n°4022 Shallow, sometimes podzolic soils of locally sandstone mounds and brown leached soils of open plains, derived from soft schist.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁

• provisioning

用水权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

lease

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	未知
年降雨量		增加	未知

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地雷暴	未知
局地雹灾	未知

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 11-50%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

Livestock feeding, economic interest, societal expectations

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Species are selected according to their ability to cover, feed and work the soil. To do this, species are chosen for their diversity and complementary according to their root system: tap roots, adventitious roots, surface lateral roots, etc.
For the past 2 years, the Biomax green manure + RGA regrowth mix has been grazed by heifers.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Sustain ecosystem health: no pest and disease problems, good herd health.
Carbon sequestration by enrichment of the soil with organic matter and by the work of earthworms favouring ecosystem functioning.
Protection of the soil and surface biodiversity because of maintained plant cover.
Increased weed control due to plant canopies and fertilisation effect of green manure.
Planted cover crops used as livestock feed during winter.
Sustained ecosystem integrity reduces/counters ecosystem degradation by using multiple ecosystem functions: Complementarity, Continuity of soil life, Green fertilizer essential in the farming system, Feeding the livestock.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Multi-species cover is conducive to soil quality: production of a high above-ground and root biomass that promotes soil life, soil structuring at depth (tap roots) and on the surface (superficial roots) by the effect of organic matter inputs.
Multi-species cover provides shelter and cover for small fauna: seeds for the winter survival of the fauna, plants that are tiered at different heights without being too dense for wild game to move around while being protected.
The different families that can be planted under cover are: - Grasses are generally easy to grow and are valued by animals (oats, rye and sorghum). - Leguminous plants improve the performance of cover crops. They are regulating plants that trap nitrogen and fix it in the soil. This is then used by the crop that follows. - Cruciferous plants are to be reserved for cereal rotations without rapeseed or vegetables. - Compounds (nyger and sunflower) are interesting for biomass production.
Well-developed canopies have a competitive effect against weeds (germination inhibition, smothering, allelopathy). The aim is to have a rapidly developing canopy. It is necessary to limit the risks of shot blasting by sowing the canopy on clean soil, especially for early sowing (especially for short-cycle weeds: ragwort, bluegrass, Persian speedwell). Some species have allelopathic effects, i.e. they secrete inhibiting substances (the intensity of the allelopathic effect is taken from the Sem-Partners catalogue, see bibliography): - Diploid oats: allelopathic effect not demonstrated. Little is known about the mechanisms and molecules involved. - Spring Oats, Fenugreek, Gesse, Moha : average allelopathic effect, mechanisms and molecules involved are not well known. - Camelina, Radish: strong allelopathic effect (glucosinolates). - Winter mustard, Spring mustard: action of glucosinolates against nematodes (Heterodera Schaati and Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in biofumigation. - Buckwheat (Sarrazin): strong allelopathic effect. Little is known about the mechanisms and molecules involved.
A plant cover provides additional fodder, 3 to 4 tonnes of dry matter can be produced depending on the species and sowing date.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Difficulties in establishing cover: difficult lifting in dry areas	Conditions for successful plant cover Sow as soon as possible Take advantage of the humidity just after harvest
Late sowing of cover crops: no or little flowering and therefore little beneficial effect	Early establishment of complementary species
High cost of purchased seed of mixed protein cover crops	Self-production of farm-saved seed

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
In order to increase the potential of the canopies for bees, it is necessary to sow in the first half of August for flowering in the autumn. Some species are rich in nectar or pollen: rapeseed, white mustard, phacelia, radish, sunflower, clover, vetch. However, some species have extra-floral nectar such as sunflower, vetch and faba beans. That is to say that they secrete nectar outside the flowering period.	Sow in the first half of August as soon as the cereals are harvested to take advantage of the residual moisture which is conducive to good emergence.
The development of RGA on the farm.	Ploughing can slow down the development of RGA.
The cost of destroying the canopy is high (45€/ha excluding labour) with the 2 cross passes of rolling spade.	3) Cost of some tools for destroying the cover crops: Independent disc stubble cultivator 3m= 33€/ha Cultivator 3.5m = 20€/ha Mulcher 3m = 27 €/ha Cambridge roller 8m = 16€/ha Blade roller 3m = 17€/ha Assumptions: replacement value depreciated over 10 years + maintenance, tractor cost 20€/hour, labour not included
Before grazing a multi-species canopy, it is advisable to check the absence of toxic species (e.g. buckwheat)	Not known
The doses and costs of implementing protein blend cutlery in interculture are high.	- Adjusting Mixed Doses - Self-production of farm-saved seeds - Mixture with recommended doses (OBS: Do not exceed 120% pure dose)

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Couvert végétal, une culture à part entière, Terra du 21 juin 2013

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Terra (Réussir terragricoles de Bretagne) du 21 juin 2013

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Couvert végétal, de réels avantages agronomiques, Terra 12 juin 2015

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Terra 12 juin 2015

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Couverts végétaux, la destruction possible dès le 1er février, Terra du 15 janvier 2016

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Terra du 15 janvier 2016

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Liste de plantes attractives pour les abeilles, Ministères de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, 2017

URL:

https://agriculture.gouv.fr/decouvrez-la-liste-des-plantes-attractives-pour-les-abeilles

标题/说明:

Implanter des cultures intermédiaires à effet allélopathique ou biocide, biofumigation

URL:

https://geco.ecophytopic.fr/geco/Concept/Implanter_Des_Cultures_Intermediaires_A_Effet_Allelopathique_Ou_Biocide,_Biofumigation