Approaches

MAPPING, MONITORING, AND MITIGATION OF LAND DEGRADATION IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN [Oman]

MAPPING, MONITORING, AND MITIGATION OF LAND DEGRADATION IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

approaches_5972 - Oman

Completeness: 86%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Approach

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Al-Sareeria Thuraya

00968 24404762

thuraya.alsareeri@meca.gov.om

Environment Authority

Muscat, Oman

Oman

SLM specialist:

Al-Saadi Saleh Naghmush

00968 24404750

saleh.alsaadi@meca.gov.om

Environment Authority

Muscat, Oman

Oman

researcher:

Al-Wardy Malik

00968 24141224

mwardy@squ.edu.om

Sultan Qaboos University

Muscat, Oman

Oman

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)
Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) - Oman

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

15/09/2013

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2. Description of the SLM Approach

2.1 Short description of the Approach

Mapping of land degradation in the Sultanate of Oman to identify areas with various degrees of degradation, and factors and processes causing degradation.

2.2 Detailed description of the Approach

Detailed description of the Approach:

The Environment Authority has implemented land degradation mapping in the Sultanate of Oman in the Governorate of Dhofar, South and North Al Sharqiyah Governorates, and the Governorate of Al Dakhiliyah, in cooperation with Sultan Qaboos University, with the aim of identifying areas with various degrees of degradation and identifying the factors and processes causing degradation.
This investigation was based on high-resolution satellite imagery using NDVI as an Index of land degradation in the Dhofar Mountains and the invasion of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora.) in the plain of Salalah, as well as very high resolution aerial and satellite images of Jebal Al-Akhder derived from National Survey Authority. Precipitation data from two WMO stations were also utilized to test the link between precipitation and vegetation health. Vegetation was mapped to monitor changes and its health over time. In addition, a socio-economic survey in the Governorate of Dhofar was conducted, based on random sampling. The survey covered 6 different locations (Taqa, Taaqa farm, Zaik, Qiroon, Marbath, Al-Haqq and Taitam). The preliminary results clearly show that the study area has witnessed significant land use change between 1985 and 2013, marked by the emerging of a significant built-up area and water conservation infrastructure.
Spot images clearly show sharp changes in vegetation health through the years from 1994 to 2013. Vegetative vigour is lower in all years compared to 1994. Besides, the investigation shows a statistical relationship between rainfall and the status of the health of vegetation. Monsoon rainfall has an impact on the growth of vegetation. Around 2002-2003, the region suffered a major drought. Between 2012 and 2013, vegetative activity shows a decreasing trend. The analysis identified an area affected by the worst degree of land degradation. This area is situated in the southeastern of the Dhofar Mountains. In this area the process of land degradation is very active, with significant decrease in vegetation in 2013 compared to 2004. The mequite invasion in the Salalah Plain contributed to the degradation of natural vegetative cover in Dhofar Governorate. In nearly 30 years, the infested area almost quadrupled, indicating an average rate of expansion of 122,555m2 per year. The mesquite stands seem to have survived through the drought of 2002-2003.
The preliminary results of the survey clearly show that the mountains of Dhofar are under heavy anthropic pressure. The number of livestock is increasing and the native plant species are in great demand for cooking and heating.
Fortunately, the analysis identifies two areas, situated in the south-west of the study area, where vegetation has increased in vigor and density. The areas preserved from this process are usually inaccessible and far from human activities.
Vegetation cover change in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar from 1985 to 2014 was analysed using very high resolution aerial and satellite images. Vegetation cover is also studied near settlements, dams, in wadis, and in agricultural areas. The change in total vegetation cover in the study area of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar from 1985 to 2014 is very evident from the analysis of the data and maps produced.
Vegetation cover increased from 7.38 km2 during 1985 to 13.65 km2 in 2014. This change of vegetation cover was most noticeable in wadis and gullies where vegetation increased from 4.56 km2 during to 9.38 km2. One main factor that might be contributing to this increase of vegetation in wadis is the increase in the number of dams for storing surface water, as the number of dams increased from 7 in 1985 in the study area to 27 in 2014. Vegetation within and around 1 km of settlements in the study area increased from 2.09 km2 during 1985 to 5.45 km2 in 2014. In all other areas, that are distant from human activities, there is a considerable change in green vegetation cover between 1985 and 2014 where vegetation cover increased from 2.49 km2 in 1985 to 3.91 km2 in 2014. It is important to note here that vegetation cover density has a strong correlation with the amount of rainfall in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar and there was a large difference in the annual rainfall between the two years, i.e. 1985 and 2014. The annual rainfall in 1985 was about 150mm for that particular year. The year 1984 was not much better where annual rainfall was lower than 200mm according to available records. The annual rainfall in 2013, the year preceding date of image in 2014, was 466mm, which is three times higher that that of 1985. Given the results of this study, there is a clear indication that the amount of rainfall plays a major role in defining the density of vegetation cover even if land degradation is taking place in very localized areas where there is pressure from grazing, urbanization, and tourism.

2.3 Photos of the Approach

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Approach has been applied

Country:

Oman

Region/ State/ Province:

Governorate of Dhofar, North and South Al Sharqiyah Governorates and Governorate of Al Dakhiliyah

Further specification of location:

Governorate of Dhofar: Taqa, Taaqa farm, Zaik, Qiroon, Marbath, Al-Haqq and Taitam Governorate of Al Dakhiliyah: Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar

2.6 Dates of initiation and termination of the Approach

Indicate year of initiation:

2013

2.7 Type of Approach

  • project/ programme based

2.8 Main aims/ objectives of the Approach

1.Monitoring and survey of land degradation and areas vulnerable to degradation
2.Enhancing human abilities in land degradation issues
3.Identifying various degrees of degraded areas, and factors and processes causing degradation
4.Regular monitoring of degraded areas

2.9 Conditions enabling or hindering implementation of the Technology/ Technologies applied under the Approach

social/ cultural/ religious norms and values
  • enabling

Cultural and religious values encourage the protection of land and planting of trees

collaboration/ coordination of actors
  • enabling

There is always a good collaboration between the government and academic/research institutions to determine the right approaches and technologies for better management practices

legal framework (land tenure, land and water use rights)
  • hindering

In some regions land tenure is not defined which affects grazing activities in these regions making it difficult to implement any replanting or reforestation projects

3. Participation and roles of stakeholders involved

3.1 Stakeholders involved in the Approach and their roles

  • researchers

Researchers from Sultan Qaboos University

Approach development, analysis, and survey

  • local government

Municipalities, Authority departments, and Governor's offices

Field visits and survey, meeting community

  • national government (planners, decision-makers)

Environment Authority

Funding, planning approach

3.2 Involvement of local land users/ local communities in the different phases of the Approach
Involvement of local land users/ local communities Specify who was involved and describe activities
initiation/ motivation external support Governor's offices in respective regions played a major role in motivating community leaders to participate in the project
implementation external support Regional directorates and Governor offices helped in organizing meetings with local communities to collect information about land use activities, including farming and grazing, in their respective villages

3.3 Flow chart (if available)

3.4 Decision-making on the selection of SLM Technology/ Technologies

Specify who decided on the selection of the Technology/ Technologies to be implemented:
  • politicians/ leaders
Specify on what basis decisions were made:
  • research findings

4. Technical support, capacity building, and knowledge management

4.1 Capacity building/ training

Was training provided to land users/ other stakeholders?

Ja

Specify who was trained:
  • field staff/ advisers
Form of training:
  • courses
Subjects covered:

1.Understanding GIS and geographical approach to land degradation
2. Use of remote sensing techniques for data collection
3. Land degradation assessment in drylands

4.2 Advisory service

Do land users have access to an advisory service?

Nee

4.3 Institution strengthening (organizational development)

Have institutions been established or strengthened through the Approach?
  • yes, moderately
Specify the level(s) at which institutions have been strengthened or established:
  • national
Specify type of support:
  • capacity building/ training

4.4 Monitoring and evaluation

Is monitoring and evaluation part of the Approach?

Ja

If yes, is this documentation intended to be used for monitoring and evaluation?

Nee

4.5 Research

Was research part of the Approach?

Ja

Specify topics:
  • sociology
  • ecology

5. Financing and external material support

5.1 Annual budget for the SLM component of the Approach

If precise annual budget is not known, indicate range:
  • 100,000-1,000,000

5.2 Financial/ material support provided to land users

Did land users receive financial/ material support for implementing the Technology/ Technologies?

Nee

5.4 Credit

Was credit provided under the Approach for SLM activities?

Nee

5.5 Other incentives or instruments

Were other incentives or instruments used to promote implementation of SLM Technologies?

Nee

6. Impact analysis and concluding statements

6.1 Impacts of the Approach

Did the Approach empower local land users, improve stakeholder participation?
  • No
  • Yes, little
  • Yes, moderately
  • Yes, greatly

Stakeholders participated in collecting social data by visiting different towns and sitting with the community to explain the approach, define the problems, and evaluate solutions

Did the Approach enable evidence-based decision-making?
  • No
  • Yes, little
  • Yes, moderately
  • Yes, greatly

Solutions and practices suggested resulted from extensive field work and image analysis

Did the Approach mobilize/ improve access to financial resources for SLM implementation?
  • No
  • Yes, little
  • Yes, moderately
  • Yes, greatly

Financial resources were mobilized and directed towards plantation of trees in degraded lands

Did the Approach improve knowledge and capacities of other stakeholders?
  • No
  • Yes, little
  • Yes, moderately
  • Yes, greatly

Training courses were developed for government staff to collect field and social data

Did the Approach build/ strengthen institutions, collaboration between stakeholders?
  • No
  • Yes, little
  • Yes, moderately
  • Yes, greatly

6.2 Main motivation of land users to implement SLM

  • reduced land degradation
  • environmental consciousness
  • enhanced SLM knowledge and skills

6.3 Sustainability of Approach activities

Can the land users sustain what has been implemented through the Approach (without external support)?
  • uncertain

6.4 Strengths/ advantages of the Approach

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
1-As the results show that the amount of rainfall plays a major role in defining the density of vegetation, water catchment techniques can be deployed during rainfall periods – especially during Dhofar monsoon characterized with white fog and light rains- such as fog harvesting, increasing recharge dams, using new irrigation techniques from dams for affected areas
2-By mapping land degradation in the Sultanate, areas that need protective strategies and policies can be defined, to avoid the degradation of areas of similar features through the coordination with respective sectors including urban planning, tourism, and agriculture.
3- As the analysis identifies areas where vegetation has increased in vigor and density, factors leading to that may be explored and studied in order to apply same factors in similar environments.

6.5 Weaknesses/ disadvantages of the Approach and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
1-As the spread and type of vegetation and climatic conditions differs greatly from area to area in the Sultanate of Oman, different procedures and techniques need to be employed. studying the general conditions and features of each area and applying different procedures and techniques based on specific characteristics.
2-Analysis of vegetation change using satellite images in terrain characterized by deep slopes and deep valleys in some areas in the Sultanate is very difficult. using very high resolution remotely sensed images
3-High resolution remotely sensed images are sometimes unavailable for past periods, which hinder studying vegetation change in this region where using satellite is difficult as well.

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

  • field visits, field surveys
  • interviews with land users

More than 500 questionnaires

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