1.2 Контактные данные специалистов и организаций, участвующих в описании и оценке Технологии

Название проекта, содействовавшего документированию/оценке Технологии (если применимо)

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

1.3 Условия, регламентирующие использование данных, собранных ВОКАТ

Составитель и ответственный(-ые) специалист(-ы) согласны с условиями, регламентирующими использование собранных ВОКАТ данных:

Да

1.4 Декларация по устойчивости описываемой Технологии

Вызывает ли описанная здесь Технология проблемы деградации земель настолько, что ее нельзя назвать природосберегающей?

Нет

Пояснения:

Degradation of natural resources is taken into account in the management of water resources for pastoral land, and in the social approach prior to the development of the technology. For example, the locations of new sites for water supply structures should correspond to the capacity of the grazing land in terms of the period of access, the quantity of available resources and the integration of the area into a larger coherent landscape (especially the complementary relationship between the agropastoral zones in the south and the pastoral zones in the north). Several impact assessments and preliminary analyses have been carried out, including diagnoses of the pastoralist system with regard to the logistics of the movements of the herds, the social organisation related to the management of the areas, diagnoses of the grasslands, geophysical analyses, etc.

2.1 Краткое описание Технологии

Определение Технологии:

Securing the mobility of pastoralism through access to water sources (open wells and ponds in pastoral areas) and marking the livestock routes for transhumance: the case of the project Almy Al Afia in Chad and its consultative approach.

2.2 Подробное описание Технологии

Описание:

Livestock keeping is one of the main economic resources in Chad (in support of 40% of the population and 18% of the GDP, Ministry of Livestock, General census). Pastoralism in the country is based on the mobility of herds in a context of irregular precipitation and variable forage resources in time and space, and benefits from complementary relationships between the different ecological zones. In Chad, herds are taken in regular movements with the seasons between the Sahelian and the Sudanese grazing areas. The former are nutritious but limited in quantity, while the latter are more abundant but of lower quality, and not accessible until the fields are cleared after the harvest (meta-evaluation of projects on pastoral water sources, IIED, 2013). Thus, pastoral livestock keeping is founded on mobility and rangeland management, and on building complementary relationships and trade around farming systems and cultivated areas. The pastoralist systems are economically competitive (limited use of food inputs), and occur in marginal land which is characterized by conflicts, riots and a high level of insecurity (Conference of N'Djamena: 'Pastoral livestock keeping: a sustainable contribution to development and security in Saharan and Sahelian regions'). In the pastoral zone of Chad, where access to water is limited, the management and control of water sources by a social group in practice also leads to the monitoring and control of the use of grazing land which becomes available when water is present.

The project Almy Al Afia (2004-2016), developed by a partnership between the AFD and the Ministry of Water of Chad, operated in two regions of central Chad. The project Almy Al Afia was based on an entry 'development', concurrently with a process to consult and involve joint agencies. The project has improved approaches of preceding initiatives: concerted action and identification of water sources derived from the dialogue between users and authorities, and development of the local management of infrastructures and rangeland. The latter counteracts an exclusively private management or, instead, an ineffective public management which promotes free access to water sources and grazing land.

The project has enabled to address the following points:
1. Support mobility in pastoralism by enhancing the access to water (rehabilitation and construction of 160 wells; digging of 31 ponds for pastoral use);
2. Maintain or build processes of consultation and restoring security (joint committees for consultation and prevention of conflicts during transhumance);
3. Promote the proper use of water supply structures, in time and space (rehabilitated and new wells, excavated ponds) by context-specific management (strengthening of traditional management systems) and encourage the maintenance of infrastructure.
The pastoral ponds should be constructed in locations of existing water sources (natural ponds in suitable places, i.e. with a clayey soil capable to retain water). The existing water source is enlarged and improved by rural engineering (enlargement of the surface, deepening).
The wells are rehabilitated. Most wells were constructed several decades ago and are severely damaged. The water supply structures all have different and complementary functions. The deep wells in the pastoral zone are generally used throughout the year, and are overexploited. The way in which these structures are managed is strongly anchored in the region. The District officer delegates the management to 'Heads of Wells'. These old wells, which are used day and night, are often in a poor condition. Rehabilitating degraded wells is given priority over digging new wells because of the substantial potential for conflict. The water supply structures in areas of dry forest are less old and smaller in number. These wells are less frequently used and function as an alternative water source when the traditional ponds, water reservoirs and wells have dried up. They allow to delay the movement of the herds towards grazing areas in the Sahelian zone.
The strip between these two zones is used for agropastoralism. Herds cannot remain there. Therefore the project has facilitated the movement of the herds to the zones further south. The pastoral ponds close to the livestock routes for the transhumance were created in a way to be easily used by the herders, but also to encourage short stays.
The approach was combined with consultation through joint committees for the prevention of conflicts, and at a later stage by marking of sections of the livestock routes for the transhumance. Many meetings were held with the users of the land management structures and policy makers, with the aim to identify and negotiate the target sites and to anticipate methods for the management and maintenance of the structures. This has enabled to maintain an atmosphere of social stability conducive to cooperation. Along almost 550 km of the livestock routes for the transhumance, sections were marked ('mourhals' in Chadian Arabic). The demarcation was not intended to enclose the herds in the livestock corridors (from which they can move freely outside the growing seasons for agricultural crops), but rather to implement the results of the consultations on the land use on the ground. The committees for the prevention of conflicts, which were supported by the project, also played a major role.

2.3 Фотографии, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.4 Видеоматериалы, иллюстрирующие Технологию

2.5 Страна/ регион/ места, где применяется Технология, информация о которых собрана в данной Анкете

2.6 Сколько лет применяется данная Технология

Год начала реализации:

2018

2.7 Внедрение Технологии

Укажите, как именно Технология УЗП была внедрена:

• как инновация (инициатива) землепользователей
• как часть традиционной системы землепользования (более 50 лет назад)

Пояснения (тип проекта и т.д.):

Projects on pastoral water resources like the project Almy Al Afia primarily focus on the development of water sources for pastoralism. The phases preceding the implementation are extremely important, because they are based on consultation and on the appreciation of local management systems. These phases include registration, selection of construction sites and the development of guidelines.

3.1 Основные цели и задачи реализации Технологии

• снижение или предотвращение деградации земель, восстановление нарушенных земель
• сохранение экосистем
• защита бассейнов рек (приводораздельной части/ нижнего течения) – в сочетании с другими Технологиями
• сохранение/ повышение биоразнообразия
• снижение риска стихийных бедствий
• создание благоприятных экономических условий
• создание благоприятных социальных условий

3.2 Текущий(-ие) тип(-ы) землепользования на территории, где применяется Технология

Пояснения:

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Livestock density: Variable depending on zones and seasons.

3.4 Водоснабжение

Обеспеченность водой участков, где реализуется Технология :

• богарные земли

Пояснения:

In these zones, rainfall is erratic in terms of spatial distribution and in quantity. Hence, grazing areas are not uniformly covered from year to year. The mobility of herds is the only way to adapt to this variability.

3.5 Категория УЗП, к которой относится Технология

• Кочевое животноводство и пастбищное хозяйство
• управление подземными водами

3.6 Мероприятия УЗП, выполняемые в рамках Технологии

3.7 Основные проблемы деградации земель, на решение которых направлена Технология

3.8 Предотвращение и снижение деградации земель, или восстановление нарушенных земель

Укажите цель Технологии по отношению к деградации земель :

• предотвращение деградации земель
• снижение деградации земель

4.1 Технический рисунок, иллюстрирующий Технологию

4.2 Общая информация по необходимым вложениям и стоимости

Уточните, как рассчитывались затраты и вложения:

• на технологическую единицу

другая/ национальная валюта (название):

FCFA

4.3 Мероприятия, необходимые для начала реализации

	Деятельность	Время (сессия)
1.	Outreach / awareness raising	Four to six meetings prior to the signing of the social agreements
2.	Construction of the facilities	Four to six months, depending on the type of structure and its depth
3.	Monitoring the management	Regular visits of the project team to support the implementation of adapted management practices

Пояснения:

The implementation of the different phases varies greatly in terms of the location of the outreach activities and the duration of the construction work.

4.4 Вложения и затраты, необходимые для начала реализации

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Строительные материалы	Rehabilitated wells (mean depth 56 m)	1	93,0	10497939,0	976308327,0
Строительные материалы	Geophysical assessment for new wells	1	158,0	17979914,0	2840826412,0
Строительные материалы	Exploration drilling for new wells (mean depth 96 m)	1	220,0	6005415,0	1321191300,0
Строительные материалы	New wells (mean depth 45 m)	1	62,0	45145740,0	2799035880,0
Строительные материалы	Pastoral ponds (6000 m3 on average)	1	31,0	23008065,0	713250015,0
Строительные материалы	Markers (8 signs / km)	1	492,0	1069203,0	526047876,0
Другие	Outreach on new wells (/site)	1	62,0	213428,0	13232536,0
Другие	Outreach on rehabilitation (/site)	1	93,0	248695,0	23128635,0
Другие	Outreach on marking (/km)	1	492,0	52088,0	25627296,0
Другие	None	None
Общая стоимость запуска Технологии					9238648277,0
Общие затраты на создание Технологии в долларах США					9238648277,0

Пояснения:

The context of pastoralism has taken the project approach to not ask compensation from users: if the users are never the same, then who should be charged? Who will collect the payments and manage the collected funds? In addition, most of the water supply structures are far from financial institutions, which causes problems in securing these funds. Therefore the users contribute in terms of day-to-day maintenance of structures, by mobilizing labour in particular.

4.5 Поддержание/ текущее обслуживание

	Деятельность	Сроки/ повторяемость проведения
1.	Mobilising indigenous groups for day-to-day maintenance of structures (dredging, cleaning)	Depending on the type of structure (generally monthly)

4.6 Стоимость поддержания/ текущего обслуживания ( в год)

	Опишите затраты	Единица	Количество	Затраты на единицу	Общая стоимость на единицу	% затрат, оплаченных землепользователями
Оплата труда	Support missions for the management and maintenance of the water supply structures (2 missions per structure for the entire project)	1	155,0	53000,0	8215000,0
Оплата труда	Support mission for the management and maintenance of the markings	1	100,0	53000,0	5300000,0
Общая стоимость поддержания Технологии					13515000,0
Общие затраты на поддержание Технологии в долларах США					13515000,0

Пояснения:

The amount of financial support varied with the type of structure (more support for management and maintenance is needed for new structures than for rehabilitated structures) and with their location or specific problem (in the case of structures located in the agropastoral zones). Financial support to the markings of the livestock corridors was indirectly provided through the committees for the prevention and management of conflicts.

4.7 Наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат

Опишите наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на стоимость затрат:

The costs of the constructions are highly dependent on their location (costs for the supply and disposal of equipment and materials), on the price of inputs (cement, etc.), and especially on the type of structure (depth of the wells, geological environment). The costs of the supply and disposal of equipment and materials include costs for the installation of the structures (water, cement, labour, machinery) on the construction sites (which are often far away from routes and towns), and costs for the disposal of the equipment after the construction is completed. The costs of supply and disposal can be significant with respect to the costs of the structure itself.

5.1 Климат

5.2 Рельеф

Укажите, приурочено ли применение Технологии к специфическим условиям:

• не имеет значения

5.3 Почвы

5.4 Доступность и качество воды

Является ли солёность воды проблемой?

Да

Поясните:

Depending on the zones: presence of sodium carbonate.

Происходят ли периодические затопления территории?

Нет

5.5 Биоразнообразие

5.6 Характеристика землепользователей, применяющих Технологию

5.7 Средняя площадь земель, используемых землепользователями с применением Технологии

5.8 Собственность на землю, права на земле- и водопользование

Землевладелец:

• коллективная

Право землепользования:

• общинное (контролируемое)

Право водопользования:

• общинное (контролируемое)

5.9 Доступ к базовым услугам и инфраструктуре

6.1 Влияние Технологии УЗП в пределах территории ее применения

Социально-экономическое воздействие

Доступность и качество воды

Социальное и культурное воздействие

Экологическое воздействие

Почвы

Биоразнообразие: растительность, животный мир

Климат и снижение риска стихийных бедствий

6.2 Влияние Технологии за пределами территории ее применения

Укажите оценку внешних воздействий (измерений) :

As explained above, in these zones with low rainfall and scarce natural water sources of temporary character (ponds), it is essential to combine the use of surface water with the use of water from deep permanent groundwater bodies. When they have the choice, herders almost exclusively choose sources with surface water (avoiding effort to extract the water). But when these sources run dry, they fall back on using wells (and deep groundwater). The rehabilitation of old wells and the construction of new wells in zones without wells contributes to increasing the availability of water.

6.3 Подверженность и чувствительность Технологии УЗП к постепенным изменениям климата и экстремальным погодным явлениям/ стихийным бедствиям, связанным с изменением климата (в понимании землепользователей)

Постепенное изменение климата

Постепенное изменение климата

	Сезон	увеличение или уменьшение	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
среднегодовое количество осадков		снизилось	плохо
сезонное количество осадков	сезон дождей/ влажный сезон	снизилось	плохо

Экстремальные явления, связанные с изменением климата (стихийные бедствия)

Стихийные бедствия климатического характера

	Насколько успешно Технология справляется с этим?
засухи	хорошо

6.4 Анализ эффективности затрат

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с первоначальными вложениями (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Насколько получаемый результат сопоставим с текущими расходами по поддержанию технологии (с точки зрения землепользователей)?

Пояснения:

The profitability is considered in relation to the number of animals/herds involved. The costs of construction and rehabilitation are certainly significant, but the water supply structures are used for thousands of animals (in case of the most heavily used wells); most animals drink every two days. Therefore the costs per head of livestock are limited. The wells are long lasting, and therefore the returns are positive in the short and the long term.

6.5 Внедрение Технологии

• > 50%

Если возможно, дайте количественную характеристику (число домохозяйств и/или площадь применения):

The technology responds to a substantial need, but also corresponds to the capacity of land users to use and maintain the structures. The energy supply is provided by animal traction, and does not require external energy sources.

Среди применяющих Технологию землепользователей, какова доля лиц, применяющих её по собственной инициативе, т.е. без какого-либо материального стимулирования со стороны?

• 91-100%

Пояснения:

Access to water is such a large problem that it requires all the land users who enter the zone to be informed when a water supply structure is rehabilitated or constructed. The involvement of traditional leaders in the management of the structures, and the system of representatives of the traditional leadership in the various other zones (Khalifas) contributes to the spontaneous dissemination of the information.

6.6 Адаптация

Была ли Технология УЗП изменена в недавнее время с целью адаптации к меняющимся условиям среды?

Нет

6.7 Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности Технологии

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению землепользователей
Permanent access to water.
Reopening of water supply structures and consolidation of access to water at some degraded sites.
Agencies and authorities for conflict prevention.
Marking of sections of livestock corridors with conflict situations.

Сильные стороны/ преимущества/ возможности по мнению составителя или других ключевых специалистов
Full commitment of groups (access to water is a major problem).
Continuation of the approach through the development of other projects and inclusion at the national level.

6.8 Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски Технологии и пути их преодоления

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению землепользователей	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Interventions are limited with regard to the needs (rehabilitation in particular).	By larger investments and better integration of the approach in public action.
There is a need to extend the approach, in particular the support to the consultative bodies.	Formalize support to the consultation process.

Слабые стороны/ недостатки/ риски по мнению составителя или ответственных специалистов	Возможные пути их преодоления/снижения?
Recognition of the experiences, the approach and the methodology in other interventions. Outreach and awareness raising are performed during the project, but at the end the management of the infrastructure is no longer supported. The government should be able to follow up on the support (mechanism for monitoring and maintenance).	Formalize support to the consultation process.
There is a need to mainstream outreach and consultation (lengthy process).	Formalize support to the consultation process.

7.1 Методы сбора/ источники информации

7.2 Ссылки на опубликованные материалы

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Capitalisation des enseignements de la deuxième phase du projet Almy Al Afia, Main document, DHP, Antea/Iram, March 2016

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Republic of Chad, General Secretariat, Ministry of Water, Directorate of Pastoral Water Resources

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Document de Suivi-Evaluation des activités du PHPTC II, tableau de bord des activités du projet, DHP, Antea/Iram, mars 2016

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Republic of Chad, General Secretariat, Ministry of Water, Directorate of Pastoral Water Resources

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Note Entretiens Techniques du PRAPS, Accès et gestion durable des espaces pastoraux (chemins de transhumance, aires de pâturages et de repos), PRAPS, 2016, B. Bonnet, A. H. Dia, P. Ndiaye, I. Touré

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Republic of Chad, General Secretariat, Ministry of Water, Directorate of Pastoral Water Resources

Название, автор, год публикации, ISBN:

Evaluation et capitalisation de 20 ans d’intervention du Groupe AFD portant sur le secteur de l’Hydraulique Pastorale au Tchad, IIED, May 2013, S. Krätli, M. Monimart, B. Jallo, J. Swift, C. Hesse

Где опубликовано? Стоимость?

Republic of Chad, General Secretariat, Ministry of Water, Directorate of Pastoral Water Resources

7.3 Ссылки на соответствующую онлайн-информацию

Название/ описание:

Platform on pastoralism in Chad

Адрес в сети Интернет:

www.plateforme-pastorale-tchad.org/

Название/ описание:

Website of PRAPS-TD

Адрес в сети Интернет:

www.praps.cilss.int/index.php/praps-pays-tchad/

Название/ описание:

Website of Iram

Адрес в сети Интернет:

https://www.iram-fr.org/elevage-pastoralisme-et-hydraulique-pastorale.html

Название/ описание:

AFD in Chad

Адрес в сети Интернет:

http://www.afd.fr/fr/page-region-pays/tchad