Technologies

Area closure on degraded lands [Ethiopie]

Création : 9 mai 2014 10:12
Mise à jour : 9 sept. 2019 15:41
Compilateur : Gizaw Desta Gessesse
Rédacteur : –
Examinateurs : Deborah Niggli, Alexandra Gavilano

Yetrakot Meret mekelel (Amharic)

technologies_1598 - Ethiopie

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1. Informations générales

1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Personne(s)-ressource(s) clé(s)

Spécialiste GDT:

Gizaw Desta Gessesse

Spécialiste GDT:

Bekure Melese

WLRC

Ethiopie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Water and Land Resource Centre Project (WLRC)

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

'Cut and Carry' Grazing system or 'Zero Grazing' (CCG) — approaches

'Cut and Carry' Grazing system or 'Zero Grazing' … [Ethiopie]

Cut and carry grazing system (alternatively called zero grazing) is an approach where the community is consulted to identify and agree on areas to be closed and protected from free grazing; establish user groups are established to share the fodder biomass harvested from communal closed areas equitably; they utilize tree/shrub …

Compilateur : Gizaw Desta Gessesse
16 mai 2014 00:00

2. Description de la Technologie de GDT

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Area closure on degraded lands is a land management practice used to rehabilitate and conserve the natural resource bases, and enhance its natural regeneration and restoring capacity and productive functions by excluding animal and human interferences through community consultation and collective actions.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Area closure is a land management practice that helps to rehabilitate degraded lands, restore the biophysical conditions like soil, vegetation and hydrology by avoiding the interference of animals and human. Because of over grazing and erosion impact, areas delineated for closure are usually degraded shrub or pasture lands that served for grazing. First of all, implementing area closure requires continuous dialogue and discussion with community to reach consensus to close. The community wants to make sure they have benefited from the technology as the land was serving for grazing. They should take the responsibility and create sense of ownership to implement conservation measures, protect and maintain closure areas, and regulate utilization of benefits gained out of it. Questions raised from the community must be discussed thoroughly ahead of the implementation. What part of the degraded land? For what purpose the area is closed? Who are the users? Who are responsible to protect and manage the developed resourcess? How is the benefit sharing among identified users? Commonly, the shared benefits from area closures are hay for livestock through cut-and-carry system, timbers from plantations, and honey production.
Depending on the soil, rainfall and slope conditions different structural and vegetative measures are integrated to enhance the fast regeneration of plant species, restore the soil and increase water availability. It includes enrichment used to rehabilitate and increase the vegetation cover, vegetative and structural measures to retain the soil and water on its place. Structures such as hillside terrace often integrated with grass or shrub hedgerows is used to control soil erosion. In-situ water harvesting structures such as trenches or half moon or eye brow are used to harvest and infiltrate rain or runoff water to increase regeneration and survival of planted trees. Trees and/or shrub species that have high rehabilitation and multipurpose values are used as enrichment plantations. Closed areas need collective action to protect, maintain and manage the common resources. Collective user rights have to be entitled to bring equity on resource sharing and minimize social conflicts.

The purposes of area closure are: 1) rehabilitate degraded lands, 2) protect and restore the natural resource base, and 3) change into productive land and enhance economic and environmental functions of rehabilitated lands.

Implementation of area closure begins with the selection and demarcation of area through genuine participation of land users. After identifying the area to be closed, at establishment stage construction of ditches and terraces is made using stones combined with grasses or shrubs of multipurpose value such as Vetiver grass, Dinsho grass, Bana grass, susbania, etc. Depending on site conditions, enrichment tree species which have rehabilitation and soil restoration purposes are planted in the form of wood lot or scattered tree plantation. Among the common species, A. albida, A. saligna, A. decurrense, Gravilia robusta, etc. are used to rehabilitate and serve as fuel wood and timber. In moisture stress areas structures like trench, level bunds, and half moon should be constructed to increase survival rate of planted tree/shrub species whereas in areas having sufficient moisture these structures, depending on the landforms and soil drainage conditions, help to increase infiltration and recharging of ground water in downstream areas. Therefore, site selection and demarcation, construction of soil conservation and moisture conservation structures, and seedling management and plantation of multipurpose trees, shrubs and grasses are the activities accomplished at establishment stage of area closure. The required inputs are stones, seeds/seedlings, grass cuttings/splits, hand tools, and collective labor. For recurrent maintenance activities, seedlings and cuttings for re-plantation purpose or replace dead seedlings, stones to repair damage stone terraces and moisture conservation structures. Harvesting and transporting of area closure products such as grass and timber become a recurrent activity. Person days per hectare per year required for plantation (preparation of holes and planting) is 11.5, for harvesting and transporting harvested grass is 30, and for terrace construction is 26.5.

Area closure management is commonly practiced on degraded hills where soil is highly depleted, its water holding capacity is low, and vegetation is denuded. Usually degraded lands are used to serve for communal grazing system. The degree of land degradation becomes severe where there are high livestock and human population pressure. Management of closure area and the benefit sharing has to be regulated using agreed bylaws.

The living condition depends on subsistence crop-livestock mixed farming. On average households have 5-6 family size. Crop production is meant for home consumption with small surplus for local market. The services related to water supply, energy supply, and infrastructure are low. Besides it is an asset, animals often used to cope shocks during drought periods.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

Galerie Médias

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

Pays:

Ethiopie

Région/ Etat/ Province:

Amhara National Regional State

Autres spécifications du lieu:

Mecha / Yilmana Densa / Bahir Dar Zuria

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

répartie uniformément sur une zone

S'il n'existe pas d'informations exactes sur la superficie, indiquez les limites approximatives de la zone couverte:

1-10 km2

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Area closure as an integrated SLM technology is practiced in recent years. However, the land users have their own traditional practice by closing grass lands or shrub lands during the rainy season.

3. Classification de la Technologie de GDT

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

préserver l'écosystème

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

Précisez l'utilisation mixte des terres (cultures/ pâturages/ arbres):

Agropastoralisme (y compris les systèmes culture-élevage intégrés)

Terres cultivées

Cultures pérennes (non ligneuses)
Plantations d’arbres ou de buissons

Vetiver grass, Dinsho grass, Bana grass, susbania

A. albida, A. saligna, A. decurrense, Gravilia robusta, napier

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 220, Longest growing period from month to month: May to December; Second longest growing period in days: 180, Second longest growing period from month to month: June to November

Pâturages

Pâturage extensif:

Pastoralisme de type semi-nomade

Pâturage intensif/ production fourragère :

Affouragement en vert/ zéro-pâturage

Forêts/ bois

Produits et services:

Bois d'œuvre (de construction)
Bois de chauffage
Pâturage/ broutage

Commentaires:

Livestock density (if relevant):
> 100 LU /km2

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Land degradation due to different forms of soil erosion and nutrient depletion, excess removal of crop residues, excessive overgrazing, shortage of pasture lands and its low productivity, excessive and inappropriate construction of traditional ditches, and increased demand of trees for the purpose of fuel wood and timber.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion and soil nutrient depletion, shortage of cultivated land, shortage of grazing land and wood for fuel wood

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

pluvial

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

fermeture de zones (arrêt de tout usage, appui à la réhabilitation)

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

pratiques végétales

V1: Couverture d’arbres et d’arbustes
V2: Herbes et plantes herbacées pérennes

structures physiques

S2: Diguettes, digues
S3: Fossés étagés, canaux, voies d'eau
S4: Fossés isohypses, trous

modes de gestion

M1: Changement du type d’utilisation des terres
M2: Changement du niveau de gestion / d'intensification

Commentaires:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour, scattered / dispersed, in blocks

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

érosion hydrique des sols

Wt: perte de la couche superficielle des sols (couche arable)/ érosion de surface
Wo: effets hors-site de la dégradation

dégradation chimique des sols

Cn: baisse de la fertilité des sols et réduction du niveau de matière organique (non causée par l’érosion)

dégradation biologique

Bc: réduction de la couverture végétale
Bh: perte d’habitats

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), overgrazing, population pressure, governance / institutional
Secondary causes of degradation: soil management, over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), land tenure, education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

réduire la dégradation des terres
restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

4. Spécifications techniques, activités, intrants et coûts de mise en œuvre

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

Spécifications techniques (associées au dessin technique):

Integrated practices of area closure including hillside bunds, trenches, micro-basins, and trees/shrubs
Location: Debre Yacob Learning Watershed. Mecha/West Gojam/Amhara
Date: 2014-5-23

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Field staffs need to acquire technical knowledge on how to integrate different practices and strategies depending on the conditions and degree of degradation.)
Technical knowledge required for land users: low (Land users require low knowledge. Once they implement practices in the closure area, they are able to coordinate and respect the bylaws and equitable distribution of benefits.)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase of biomass (quantity)
Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase in organic matter, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 4000-6000
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5-1.0
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 160

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Trees/ shrubs species: Gravilia, Susbania, Acacia decurrence
Grass species: Napier
Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20-30%
Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.5%

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3-0.7
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.2-2.8
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100-250

Waterway
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5-2.0

Bund/ bank: level
Spacing between structures (m): 5
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-1.5

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 15-35%
Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: Initially, the land is highly degraded and waste land. After an increase in vegetation cover and biomass, its use is thus changed from waste/shrub land/open grazing to cut-and-carry grazing system
Change of land use practices / intensity level: The land use management is changed from open access /communal grazing or shrub land to regulated or organized form of land use management

Auteur:

Bekure Melese, WLRC

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

ETB

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

20,0

Indiquez le coût salarial moyen de la main d'œuvre par jour:

2.50

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Preparation of seedlings	March-May
2.	Transporting seedlings	July
3.	Transporting grass splits	July
4.	Sowing seeds on bunds	July
5.	Planting of trees and shrubs	July
6.	Planting of grass splits or cuttings	July
7.	Construction of bunds or terraces	February-April
8.	Construction of cutoff drains and ditches	Fegruary-April
9.	Construction of waterways	February-April
10.	Surveying or layout of structures	January-March
11.	Consultation of the community
12.	Establish bylaws to control free grazing
13.	Establish user groups and arrange equitable benefit sharing

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	labour	ha	1,0	1766,0	1766,0	80,0
Equipements	tools	ha	1,0	300,6	300,6	50,0
Matériel végétal	seedlings	ha	1,0	405,6	405,6	100,0
Matériel végétal	seeds	ha	1,0	20,0	20,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	stone	ha	1,0	1300,0	1300,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					3792,2
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					189,61

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 15 month(s)

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Preparation of seedlings	March-May
2.	Seedling transportation	July
3.	Grass split transportation	July
4.	Planting seedlings	July
5.	Planting grass splits	July
6.	Maintenance of bunds / cutoff drains
7.	Enforcing bylaws	Throught the year
8.	Benefit sharing among user groups	Throughout the year

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	labour	ha	1,0	624,0	624,0	29,0
Matériel végétal	seedlings	ha	1,0	250,0	250,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					874,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					43,7

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: Spade, pickaxe, crowbar,

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The costs of area closure affected by the labour availability, regeneration capacity of trees on the degraded lands

5. Environnement naturel et humain

5.1 Climat

Précipitations annuelles

< 250 mm
251-500 mm
501-750 mm
751-1000 mm
1001-1500 mm
1501-2000 mm
2001-3000 mm
3001-4000 mm
> 4000 mm

Zone agro-climatique

subhumide

Thermal climate class: subtropics

5.2 Topographie

Pentes moyennes:

plat (0-2 %)
faible (3-5%)
modéré (6-10%)
onduleux (11-15%)
vallonné (16-30%)
raide (31-60%)
très raide (>60%)

Reliefs:

plateaux/ plaines
crêtes
flancs/ pentes de montagne
flancs/ pentes de colline
piémonts/ glacis (bas de pente)
fonds de vallée/bas-fonds

Zones altitudinales:

0-100 m
101-500 m
501-1000 m
1001-1500 m
1501-2000 m
2001-2500 m
2501-3000 m
3001-4000 m
> 4000 m

5.3 Sols

Profondeur moyenne du sol:

très superficiel (0-20 cm)
superficiel (21-50 cm)
modérément profond (51-80 cm)
profond (81-120 cm)
très profond (>120 cm)

Texture du sol (de la couche arable):

moyen (limoneux)
fin/ lourd (argile)

Matière organique de la couche arable:

faible (<1%)

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Profondeur estimée de l’eau dans le sol:

> 50 m

Disponibilité de l’eau de surface:

moyenne

Qualité de l’eau (non traitée):

faiblement potable (traitement nécessaire)

5.5 Biodiversité

Diversité des espèces:

faible

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Orientation du système de production:

subsistance (auto-approvisionnement)

Revenus hors exploitation:

moins de 10% de tous les revenus

Niveau relatif de richesse:

pauvre
moyen

Individus ou groupes:

groupe/ communauté

Genre:

femmes
hommes

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women has their own role in the establishment of the rea closure by collecting stones, support construction and planting activities. In addition they will harvest and transport fodder for livestock
Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
80% of the land users are average wealthy.
20% of the land users are poor.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

< 0,5 ha
0,5-1 ha
1-2 ha
2-5 ha
5-15 ha
15-50 ha
50-100 ha
100-500 ha
500-1 000 ha
1 000-10 000 ha
> 10 000 ha

Cette superficie est-elle considérée comme de petite, moyenne ou grande dimension (en se référant au contexte local)?

petite dimension

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

état

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

accès libre (non organisé)
communautaire (organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

santé:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

éducation:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

assistance technique:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

emploi (par ex. hors exploitation):

pauvre
modéré
bonne

marchés:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

énergie:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

routes et transports:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

eau potable et assainissement:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

services financiers:

pauvre
modéré
bonne

6. Impacts et conclusions

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

production fourragère

en baisse

en augmentation

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Mainly serve for grass harvest

production animale

en baisse

en augmentation

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Cut and carry improve the production

surface de production

en baisse

en augmentation

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

By improving the land use management, production area for pasture increased

Revenus et coûts

diversité des sources de revenus

en baisse

en augmentation

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

People try to diverse apiculture production in closed areas

charge de travail

en augmentation

en baisse

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Labor requirement to harvest and transport fodder and pasture increase

Impacts socioculturels

institutions communautaires

affaibli

renforcé

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Establishment of user groups and watershed users association

connaissances sur la GDT/ dégradation des terres

réduit

amélioré

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Increase the level of awareness that area closure can shortly reverse land degradation

apaisement des conflits

détérioré

amélioré

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Reduce conflict arise due to pasture shortage

situation des groupes socialement et économiquement désavantagés

détérioré

amélioré

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Some rural unemployed youths get employed in apiculture production and fruit production

contribution to human well-being

decreased

increased

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

The livestock production is moderately improved due to increase in biomass/ pasture harvest

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

quantité d'eau

en baisse

en augmentation

ruissellement de surface

en augmentation

en baisse

nappes phréatiques/ aquifères

en baisse

rechargé

Sols

humidité du sol

en baisse

en augmentation

couverture du sol

réduit

amélioré

perte en sol

en augmentation

en baisse

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

biomasse/ au dessus du sol C

en baisse

en augmentation

diversité végétale

en baisse

en augmentation

diversité des habitats

en baisse

en augmentation

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

risques d'incendies

en augmentation

en baisse

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

flux des cours d'eau fiables et stables en saison sèche

réduit

en augmentation

Quantité avant la GDT:

End of Nov

Quantité après la GDT:

Mar-April

Commentaires/ spécifiez:

Because of high vegetation cover, the recharrging capacity improved resulting in prolonging the stream flow/baseflow

inondations en aval

en augmentation

réduit

envasement en aval

en augmentation

en baisse

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Rentabilité à court terme:

légèrement positive

Rentabilité à long terme:

positive

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Rentabilité à court terme:

positive

Rentabilité à long terme:

très positive

Commentaires:

Short term economic benefits can be attained by harvesting forage biomass for livestock while in the long term downstream agricultural productivity can be improved as they witnessed the change in stream flows to be used for irrigation. This is very much pronounced in Aba Gerima watershed where farmers in the downstream get to access more water.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Commentaires:

The technology is implemented in group or at community level.
The spontaneous adoption of this technology is possible without integrating plantations of improved trees/shrubs and grasses
There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Adoption to area closure is increasing as it provides better pasture for livestock and benefit those who do not have power or for poor community groups

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Increase in vegetation cover and biomass production for livestock feed
Increase the duration and flow of streams
Decrease erosion
Decrease transmission of animal disease often a problem during open grazing system

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Increase the fodder and grass biomass production for livestock feed
Increase the regeneration of lost plant diversities
Create alternative livelihood options (off farm activities like honey production, timber, tree or fodder seed production)
Enhance the micro-climatic conditions and on-site vegetation cover, organic matter, and soil water holding capacity. In addition it improves off-site surface and subsurface water flows

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Land users' perceived that implementation of the technology decreases open access to communal pasture lands to maximize their benefit	Awareness creation activities has to be provided
Shortage of labor to harvest and transport forages to feed animals	Cost effective technologies to prepare feed, handle and transport forage has to be introduced and adopted. It can be overcomed by organizing service provider groups.
The amount of pasture/fodder produced and shared among users is much less than the feed requirement of all animals hold by a household	Introduce fodder species producing high biomass and high quality fodder; decrease livestock number per household.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Labor constraint for cut-and -carry for stall feeding	It can be sustained through organizing service providers groups
Stall feeding restricted the cross breeding of animals in the village easily accessible during open grazing	Artificial insemination and bull services and synchronization breeding system has to be promoted

7. Références et liens

Liens et modules

Réduire tout

Liens

'Cut and Carry' Grazing system or 'Zero Grazing' … [Ethiopie]

Compilateur : Gizaw Desta Gessesse
16 mai 2014 00:00

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